How has the development of Political Islam since 1979 affected the Essay

How has the education of Political Islam since 1979 affected the Greater Middle East - Essay ExampleIran is whizz example where the Iranian revolution took place. Islamist forces confuse seemingly taken control of their countries at the expense of separate religions that make up a minority (Choueiri, 2008).As political Islam has developed, Islamic institutions have gained more origin and the scrutiny on these institutions has reduced leading to a dictatorship like scenario. Religious institutions like those of Sunni Islam have been brought under the control of the state. Due to this motive gain by Islamic institutions, along with the lack of foeman by secular forces, there has been a development of Islamic forces. These forces have created a threat to the power of the state all over the greater Middle East (Choueiri, 2008).Conflict has been at the heart of the development of political Islam. The conflict has disturbed the stability of the greater Middle East. Examples of these conflicts include Iraqs invasion of Iran in 1980 and the Iraq-Kuwait war. There has also been an subjoind opposition to the existence of Israel as a state along with an increase in development of weapons by the greater Middle East nations (Freedman,

Francis Scott Key and the "Star Spangled Banner" Research Paper

Francis Scott Key and the title-holder Spangled Banner - investigate Paper ExamplePenned more than two hundred years ago, the Star Spangled Banner is hailed as Americas national anthem. Written at a time when the country was facing series of attacks from the British, the mental strain does not hide its distaste for the enemy and its profound pride when the nations careen remained firmly etched on the ground after the war, a sign of victory. Although it is still regarded as a musical and iconic symbol of the country, critics have deemed the Star Spangled Banner as violent and overtly braggart(prenominal). The question is should the song be discarded as the national anthem for being violent and boastful?Since he was a prominent attorney at the time, Francis Scott Key was sent to negotiate the release of William Beanes from the British fleet at Baltimore. As part of the negotiations, Key and his allies presented British prisoners in exchange for Beanes. The learn was sealed howev er, the British had one extra demand- Key and his allies were not to leave until they witnessed the destruction of Baltimore. They had no option but to oblige as the British ship was heavily guarded and they had no soldiers to hand over them from captivity.The ensuing battle between the British forces and Fort Mc total heat lasted for 25 hours. When Key saw the American ease up was still standing the next day, he knew the British had been defeated. The victory stirred Key to write the Star Spangled Banner lyrics. On September 20, 1814, the Baltimore Patriots published the poem, christened as Defence of Fort MHenry. The poem became a song once it was sung to the tune of a song belonging to the British Anacreontic Society known as To Anacreon in Heaven. The military adopted it to be their theme song during the First World War and subsequently, the congress and president Herbert Hoover raised it to the national anthem in 1931. (Maryland, n.d.)The Banner is a bone of

Dematologic Disease or Condition Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dematologic Disease or Condition Report - Essay ExampleIt is irregular in shape, and lacks increase wheals or pustular abscesses. No ecchymoses, petechiae, any other sign of epidermal or subdermal injury or handicap are present near the hyperpigmented celestial sphere (Calonje, 2009). There are several acneform papular lesions near the center of the temporary hookup (Rivers & Wiseman, 2010). No evidence of ulcers of any type is seen.Testing Patient was sent for surgical biopsy, with the incision to be made at the center of the hyperpigmented area. Biopsy results are negative for malignancy and infection. The biopsy showed smooth muscle bundles within the derma and an excess of melanocytes in the affected area, confirming diagnosis of Beckers nevus. (Rivers & Wiseman, 2010).Treatment/Plan Prognosis is good, as the area appears to be a benign lesion. Patient has been warned to expect hypertrichosis on the area, and referred to a laser hair remotion center. Neither dermabrasion nor cryosurgery is indicated, as the pigmentation is within the dermal layers and cannot be removed in this manner. The condition is non-infectious, so discussion with antibiotics, antifungals, or parasiticides is unneccessary (Book, Glass, & Laude, 1997). Keratolytics will be similarly unhelpful at treating the pigmentation, despite sun exposure being a possible correlating factor (Tymen et al., 1981).Further treatment is not necessary except on ornamental grounds however, if desired by the patient, laser treatment can reduce the excess pigmentation (Rivers & Wiseman, 2010). Patient has been told to reappearance for further examination if the lesion shows major changes, excepting mild erythema resulting from laser treatments or

IBM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IBM - Essay Examplerless cars and the use of big information systems to understand and predict clement behavior and human and other physical and social systems (Hewett et al., 1996 National perception Foundation, 2014 Sankar, 2012). At IBM the work on human-computer interaction is extensive and goes back through time, evidenced by the movement of academic and scientific studies dating back to at least the late 1990s with works such as those relating to determining the intention of human to speak to computers in systems that are able to detect human wrangle, for instance. The cues in this latter example are detected by computers not only through instance but also through visuals, indicating an ability on the part of the computer to interact with humans on the level of sight and voice (Cuetos and Neti, n.d. Neti et al., n.d.). Elsewhere IBM makes use of other terms to discuss and evolve technologies that measure to variations of the same set of technologies related to HCI, and a standout term that IBM has come to use of late is the term and belief of cognitive computing (IBM, 2015). An example of cognitive computing breakthroughs and projects that IBM has come to pursue of late is evolving the natural language processing capabilities of its computing systems, making use of Watson for instance as a model and a sedimentation of what IBM has developed in this area. In Watson for instance, the test of effective HCI was its joining and winning a Jeopardy contend in the early part of 2011, besting some very tough human competition. This is an instance of HCI in IBM rupture ground to the extent that computing systems are able to match and surpass the cognitive capabilities of the most flourishing human contestants (IBM, 2015b). More pragmatic applications of HCI at IBM include using HCI advances to further the interaction between humans and business systems to improve productivity for instance, and to extend the advances to the management of systems of bus iness IT (IBM, 2015c Muller and Druin,

An E-fashion Retailer Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

An E-fashion Retailer Analysis - canvas ExampleThe essay An E-fashion Retailer Analysis presents an overview of different companies strategies for their online sales.There has been a growth in profit accessibility and usage on the whole. Online sales of clothing rank fourth highest with travel services, software and media empyrean occupying the first three positions. More consumers across the globe are purchasing computers and gaining access to the internet and are, therefore, attracted to a myriad of online websites operated by fashion retailers.Typically, consumers in the past were wary of tainting apparel online. Females, in particular, would wishing to touch and specify the apparel physically for obvious reasons such as buying the size that stovepipe fits them or feeling the quality of the fabric. In recent years, this trend has been changing and more consumer, including females, are golden with purchasing apparel online. The theory of buyer behavior demonstrates the buyer black box of which the buyer finis process is a subset. Consequently, the model of consumer buying process explains how consumers engage in information search later on they have realized the need to purchase a harvest-tide. This has been catered to by online fashion retailers who have now adoptive the model of a virtual store whereby consumers can have a 360-degree view of products they intend to buy by seeing the product from different sides. The zoom in function can help consumers see the fabric/texture as well as design that they could otherwise have viewed had they been present physically at the store. Although the initial target market was U.K customers, ASOS has expanded to include American customers through its online store. 3. Online Marketing unify a. Product ASOS primarily sells clothing that is worn by celebrities in the media. The political party offers various brands under integrity umbrella and includes affordable clothing as well as expensive lines. The company sells over 50,000 product lines from approximately 800 global brands including Ralph Lauren as well as designer brands such as Sonia Rykiel (Perrey & Spillecke, 2013). As per the companys marketing strategy, over thousands of new products are added on a weekly basis, thereby sustaining the provoke of customers. With its strong and multi-brand product portfolio and customer service, the company ranks as the 5th most popular online shopping destination in U.K, beating H&M in terms of having twice the number of unique customers see the website (Perrey & Spillec

Applied theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Applied theory - Essay Example anyways Beyonce and her husband Jay Z, the article talks about other favourite bands such as U2 and its lead utterer Bono and Coldplay, the major artists expected to perform at the summer music festival in G braveonbury (Topping, 2011 15). From this article, the emergence of the usual culture in form of music can be evaluated by considering theories of industrialization and of cultural studies. fashionable culture is a broad term that incorporates common aesthetic or life practices in soft and statistical dimensions (Arnold, 196431). However, modern day theorists regard popular culture as a common customs that has arisen in the modern times and it differs from folk tradition because it is mass-produced and different from high life because it is consumed in mass (Arnold, 196432). From this article on Beyonce, it is apparent that popular culture has undergone a lot of transformation from the last century. The current popular culture is characterized by extensive use of the mass media to publicize the events and elaborate composition by the artist and event organizers. Gans (197461-62) defines popular culture as an epitome of the society, reflecting the transformations occurring in the society. fit to Giddens (197929), European and American societies underwent profound transformation in the 18th and 19th centuries. These changes resulted to massive social reorganization specially in the western European spheres where many people moved to work in urban areas in the emerging industries. Transformation from the rural peasantry to mass production in industries not only influenced the economic aspect of the workers, but their culture took a different turn (Giddens, 197949). Arnold (196485) noted that industrialization also brought with it capitalism in addition to increased interactions and mixing of diverse cultures. A combination of these factors in addition to the strenuous activities in the industries resulted to creation of a homogeneous society, with shared experiences across the regions. In addition, the increasing social density in the community and division of labor due to capitalism speed creation of distinct social word formes, especially at the middle material body level. Archer (1995116-125) argues that a combination of capitalism ideology and its austere administrative structure resulted to increasing literacy levels especially to the middle class creating a formidable social, economic and cultural hegemony that changed the popular culture immensely. In this regard, capitalism resulted to sudden change in power that eventually caused social eminence in the society. Archer (1995 19) argues that the raise of the popular culture does not only involve a swelled group of individuals, but people who have high level of organization pertaining to their tastes and preferences. This class plays a rattling critical role in the cultural industry that has developed to meet the artistic aspirations o f the middle class. some other influential factor in the middle class towards the popular culture is the high literate levels. According to Archer (1995 49), the increasing levels of literacy in the middle class resulted to more economic empowerment that lead to accelerated social differentiation that enabled the people to realize new possibilities and discover new and limitless dimensions of their lives for exploration. Therefore, the middle class did not wish to be just machines working in the emerging industries for survival, but as beings with other dimension for fun and recreation. The high culture was not initially intended for entertainment, but it provided the middle class with opportunities for expressing their frustrations, achievements, joys and aspirations in their working places. Burke, (1978 b 113) noted that the emergence of the

The history of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The score of art - Essay ExampleHowever, these historical accounts on the Oliphants opens up the imagination and causes one to envision the lifestyle during the era it was being used. The intricate carvings on the Oliphants, as seen in the Oliphant at the Metropolitan Museum of Art sharpen a meticulous spirit in the carver. Perhaps it was culture and tradition that dictated such trade at that era, but the intricacy of the design is impressive. Although on that point are Oliphants that are simply decorated as well, yet the design in still beautiful, as it is designed by hand. Aside from historical accounts of such, there is also the religious historical aspect that is associated with the Oliphants. As documented, it is stated that decorated Oliphants, commonly with animals and scrolls are usually correlated with traditional Islam settings.The Oliphants is one of the unique creations of man that is functional - as it is used as a horn, and at the same time, an instrument of self- expression as it is designed intricately with meticulously done carvings, and even adorned with silver bands.As documented, the documentation of Oliphants is usually associated with traditional Islamic imagery. Oliphant, being a word borrowed from sexagenarian French, meaning elephant, was first documented in the (English) translation of the Song of Roland in the 12th century.

Answer All Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Answer All Questions - Assignment ExampleDecisions that can be prescribed in monetary terms ar covered in the financial strategy (Bender & Ward, 2012). Thus, it could be stated that the financial decisions argon different from business decisions that the accompany may undertake however, they ar related to each separate and go for implications for them. (iii) There are four reasons that food market place value might differ from fundamental value which are given below a. The share price often reflect future prospect of the companys performance (Bender & Ward, 2012). If the market expects that the financial results of a company impart exceed the expected growth judge than the share price entrust react positively in advance (Bender & Ward, 2012). This is usually reflected by gamey price to earnings ratio. It is understood that companies stock which have higher price to earnings ratio are likely to show increase in the market value of their shares as the market develops an ex pectation that these companies are likely to outperform their expected targets. For example, a recent launch of iPhone 5 pushed the market value of apples stocks higher. b. ... ecomes mature and better view of the companys performance becomes clearer the market value of shares will begin to coincide with the fundamental value of business per share. c. The company announces a future investment construe which is expected to yield higher returns for the company and thus, the market reacts positively to the news. Although, the investment is yet to be displace by the positive sentiments about the projections that the company makes for its investment decision can have positive touch up on the market value of the companys shares. For example, a company Medinah Minerals announced its exploration project in South America which lead to major interest by shareholders in its stocks and the market value went up above the fundamental value of the company. d. If a company approaches to takeove r another company then managers or shareholders of the target company may enter in the market to alter the market value of its shares so that higher bid can be achieved. In this case, the market value of shares will be higher than the fundamental value of the company. This is a strategy to prevent takeover bids by other entities. For example, this defense tactic is very much common in the US as compared to the UK. Q2 (i) Year 0 1 2 3 NPV Project A Cash Flows (240,000.00) - - 325,000.00 Discount Factor 1.00 0.90 0.81 0.73 Discounted CF (240,000.00) - - 237,637.20 (2,362.80) 0 1 2 3 NPV Project B Cash Flows (198,000.00) 110,800.00 82,500.00 45,000.00 Discount Factor 1.00 0.90 0.81 0.73 Discounted CF (198,000.00) 99,819.82 66,958.85 32,903.61 1,682.28 NPV is the gist of future cash flows discounted to the present time and it is understood that only those projects which result in positive NPV must be accepted by companies and all those projects which have negative NPV

Gender and Sexual Studies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender and Sexual Studies - Research composition ExampleHonestly, sometimes it seems like sexuality is a very complex topic of study in the gender relations. However, espouse men, for example, are often bombarded on a day-to-day basis by foreign messages and experiences such as you are handsome, you are non handsome (Beasley 123). Women, on the other hand, experience the equivalent compliments like you are not sexy, and you are sexy. Additional conflicting sexuality messages and exceptions to the women include married couple have the worst sex, sex is for your husband, sex is for you and lastly married couples tend to have the outdo sex complement. Honestly, it is always good to leave women with a smile on their faces, dismay and confusion on their minds. This is embracing sexuality. In the business interactions, allday stress and fatigue of the libido-suppressing effects, it becomes necessary for people to leave the entirely of this sexuality thing for another day (Brownson 1 45). Embracing sexuality as an aspect of socialization is not bad though it should have some limits. When it comes to sexual pleasure, embracing sexuality encourages the best way doable for the married couple to experience sexual pleasure. Additionally, embracing sexuality in the spousal relationship incidence ensures that the marriage partners cordially respect one another. Even though the embracement of sexuality to some degree seems stacked against every married couple personality, sexologists encourage people not to give up or let go of innately driven sex persuasion and intimacy in their marriages.

Project II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project II - Essay Examplealize that there is actually a enlighten surplus that is left after accounting for all the fixed expenses, which represented about 40.48% of net income and the variable star expenses amounting to 47.62%. It simply gives the family more leeway in boundarys of adjusting the variable expenses when time comes that we need to minimize or so expenses to give way to more important priorities.The projected income is easy to determine as no separate sources were currently eminent. The income from salaries of both my husband and me as teachers comprises the basic cash in which is easy to establish on a monthly or yearly basis.On the new(prenominal) hand, cash expenses are composed of several(prenominal) divergent items, and the expenses are clearly classified into fixed and variable expenses. Some could be established as regular fixed expenses which do not differ on a monthly basis. On the other hand, other expenses such as food, savings for emergency purposes a nd miscellaneous expenses differ depending on diversity of require and requirements of family members across time. I therefore learned that a substantial portion of our family income is spent on different needs but somehow, by managing to allot a small amount for emergency purposes and still be able to maintain some surplus, we could be able to meet unforeseen and unanticipated expenses and could plan for future tense financial goals.From the income and expense developed in September, the same income and expenses are expected in October, except for the superfluous savings needed as outlined in the financial goals worksheet in Part I, where the long term goal of a spend in Hawaii, life insurance of children, and funds to be earmarked for the coming Christmas vacation need to be allotted as additional savings. These amounts were taken from the net surplus of $750. When the additional savings are taken out, only $54.17 will remain. One intends to use a computer spreadsheet (Excel) to record and hide monitoring the income and expenses, as well as managing

Construction Industry Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Construction Industry Report - Essay ExampleIn contemporary Western cultures it is possible for individuals to work in 5-10 different occupations before retirement. However, current thinking on careers tends to be conditioned by older and sometimes outmoded concepts of what a career ought to be.The relatively permanent patterns that many in New Zealand enjoyed from 1945 - 1985 represents a past of relational contracts, steady advancement and mutual commitment which is difficult to replicate in todays society (Elkin, Jackson & Inkson, 2004).A study conducted by Michael Arthur and his colleagues at the University of Auckland looked in depth at the careers of 75 representative New Zealanders from 1985 to 1995 (Arthur, Inkson & Pringle, 1999). Arthurs study found that individuals moved mingled with employers and between jobs with relative ease. Very few of these moves were upward, career building moves such as promotion. For example, Arthur found that more than 60% of the people in th e sample changed occupations in the 10 social classs covered by the study. Eighty quintuple percent moved between organisations.The Centre for Research on Work, Education and Research Limited conducted matter studies of four industries including the social organisation constancy. ... (Centre for Research on Work, Education and Research Limited, 2004). Some skilled tradesmen in construction who had become independent contractors in the past when made redundant or by choice were account as being worse off financially than previously. These men were a supply of labour because their substitute was to work as a sub-contractor on private building sites where they might, for example, work for 60-70 hours a week hardly earn only an effective $7-$8 an hour.Researchers claim that people employed in the construction industry are classified as realistic. They have mechanical abilities, like working outdoors with tools and objects and they prefer traffic with things rather than people. Construction workers tend to like practical and physical activities and they are task orientated. The construction area is highly labour intensive. Whereas other industries can increase production by using a liquify of more people and more machinery, construction is much more reliant on people. Work environment The construction industry is seen by some people as hazardous or dangerous. The injury pass judgment per thousand workers for the Total Construction Industry calculated from ACC Entitlement Claims Data as a whole for the 2004 year was approximately 30 injuries per thousand workers. The rate of injury was relatively stable over the 2001-2004 period level though New Zealand experienced somewhat of a boom period for the industry, with many new and inexperienced workers entryway the industry. (New Zealand Construction Industry Council, 2005). On the other hand, injury costs for the industry over the period 2001 to 2004 take the stand a downward trend. As

Vocelli Pizza Franchise Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vocelli pizza Franchise Plan - Essay ExampleVocelli pizza has a franchise program that it intends to introduce in United Kingdom. Vocelli pizza pie provides assistance to victoryful franchisees to identify business location for our products. Through the assistance of lodge executives, Vocelli Pizza offer market information, product entry behavior, and innovative approaches to be adopted by the franchisees. a.Strengths of Vocelli PizzaVocelli Pizza has achiever record of over 22 years in the food industry. Vocelli Pizza owes its success to unique food selection that it offers to its clientele. Vocelli Pizza offer products, which are tasty and healthier. The company offers alternative to rough-cut fast food fries which do not consider health standards. The customer experience in our restaurants is superb. The physical evidence of our restaurants attracts and provides the cool serene that many customers require. Vocelli Pizza serves its products according to needs of its customers an attribute that has promoted the success of the company. Franchise locations receive our products, which bear the same taste. Our staffs offer quality and timely services to our esteemed clients. b.Vocelli Pizza Weaknesses Transportation of our products is a great challenge that the company is facing. Sometimes our franchise outlets may register appease in product delivery. Another notable weakness of the company is poor market share hold due high competition in the food industry. Some customers are reluctant to visit our restaurants because of stylish and classy looks.

Human Biological Systems, Gas Exchange & Transport Assignment

Human Biological Systems, Gas Exchange & Transport - Assignment exercisingOverall, this CNS control determines the depth and frequency of the respiration. (Schwartzstein & Parker, 2006, p.3) 2. Ventilatory Pump a) Muscles of respiration there atomic number 18 two sets of muscles that are classified either muscles of up come upon or muscles of freeing. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are muscles of inspiration whereas internal intercostal muscle is the muscle of expiration. There are some accessory muscles that assist in forceful inspiration or expiration such as sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, pectoralis and abdominal muscles. b) Chest paries skeleton rib cage provides the major skeleton support for lungs. c) Chest wall connective interweave d) Airways nares (nose), larynx, trachea, bronchus and bronchioles. e) Pleura visceral pleura and parietal pleura. f) Spinal cord and peripheral nerves C3, C4 and C5 spinal segments provide innervations to stop consonant via phr enic nerve. All the intercostal muscles get segmental innervations through intercostal nerves that run in the intercostal groove along with artery and vein. Most of the structures of Ventilatory pump, such as muscles and skeleton, ensure inhibit movement of the chest wall and adequate change in the intrathoracic pressure during inspiration and expiration. All the components of airline provide an uninterrupted passage of air to and from the alveoli. The passage is also lined with special epithelium that produces mucus and is studded with cilia (Hlastala & Berger, 1996, p.23). Mucus moist or warm the air whereas cilia traps any foreign particles and clear glut mucus. Parietal pleura line the chest wall and visceral pleura cover the outer surface of the lung. In surrounded by these two layers is a pleural space that contains a small amount of fluid. This pleural space plays a critical role in changing the intrathoracic pressure. Spinal cord and peripheral nerves provide a communica tion between controller and muscles of respiration. (Schwartzstein & Parker, 2006, p.15-23) 3. Gas Exchanger a) Alveoli the terminal bronchioles are studded with hollow grape vine like structures called alveoli. b) Pulmonary capillaries these capillaries originate from the branches of pulmonary artery and aggregate to form pulmonary vein. Terminal bronchioles and alveoli are the sites of gas exchange (no gas exchange take place in the rest of the airway and is referred to as dead space). These alveoli provide abundant surface area for adequate diffusion of gases. Understandably, alveoli are surrounded by thousand of blood capillaries to ensure effective transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide. TAQ 2 1. Using annotated diagrams explain the butt ones involved in breathing in and out. Fig 2.1 shows the process of breathing and the structures involved. Breathing In The process of breathing in is called inspiration. There are two important muscles, diaphragm and external intercostal musc les, that take part in this process. When a person breathes in, diaphragm contracts and chest expands increasing volume of the thoracic stone and creating a ban intrathoracic pressure (fig 2.1). Therefore, air flows from a relatively positive atmospheric pressure towards the negative intrathoracic pressure and fill both lungs. Breathing Out The process of breathing out is called expiration. Unlike inspiration, expiration at rest is a passive process and do not require muscle support. In fact, the elastic recoil

Analysis of Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds Assignment

Analysis of Alfred Hitchcocks The Birds - Assignment ExampleThe story begins in a pet shop in San Francisco where a young lawyer, Mitch Brenner, is unsuccessfully trying to buy his younger sister, Cathy, a pair of lovebirds for her 11th natal day. He meets and remembers the wealthy socialite Melanie Daniels, who, apparently, does not recognize him, and he plays a joke on her by treating her as a salesclerk. Attracted to him, she impulsively buys two birds, which she secretly delivers to Mitchs home in Bodega Bay. On her way back, she is attacked by a seagull, after which she meets Mitch on the mainland pier and he convinces her to go back home with him. The following day, during Cathys birthday party, a group of birds attacks her and her friends and, the same evening, finches swarm down the chimney in their hundreds into the Brenner home. There is panic as a chicken farmer, Dan Forsyth, is pecked to death by his own birds which then cause a fire at a gas station and threaten children as they leave school. After a school instructor named Annie Hayworth is also killed by birds, panic mounts in the town and residents flee to San Francisco. Mitch decides to board up all his septs entrances and wait for the attack. The birds are unable to gain entry after pecking on the doors and tearing at shingles. However, tragically, they manage to make a hole in the roof and attack Melanie who went up to the attic to canvass a noise she had heard. Although Mitch managed to save her, he acknowledged that his own home is no longer prophylactic from the birds and also flees to San Francisco amid a moment of silence from the birds into an uncertain future as the film ends (Mcgilligan 21). This paper provide identify the films theme and discuss how the director used sub-genre and combined genre elements to come across that theme.The theme, which is predominantly suspense/horror, is strategically brought out by a strange relationship between manhood and nature. The plot may app ear to be banal, but the director manages to depict horror by crook garden birds, not birds of prey, against mankind. Bodega Bay, a small town in California is suddenly and without apparent exposition subjected to violent and widespread attacks by birds.

Videotape reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Videotape reflection - Coursework ExampleI went promote ahead in providing outstanding examples on the same. However, after a long talk I agnize that she was not informed on the available learning points. For instance, she felt displaced when I used terms much(prenominal) as accommodation. I however took the professional role of explaining to her in detail what the course entailed. In addition, I realise that on top of missing critical information, my communication skills were wanting. In particular, my language was not vigorous which upset him a little. I was poorly composed throughout the meeting.I began appropriately while composed. I introduced myself to Mrs. bloomers as well I present the purpose of the meeting. Secondly, I never felt pressured to get out important decisions. In fact, I explained everything to Mrs. Shorts, leaving her to make the decisions.I let Mrs. Shorts know that she grass trust me. I avoided discussing too many negative issues of Chris in fact, I fo cused on twist Chris pedantically only. Equally, important I presented Chris agenda in a professional way leaving Mrs. Shorts to make critical decisions. However, I faced challenges in how I expressed myself, in light with conveyancing critical information. As well, I was a bit nervous while talking to Mrs. Shorts.Convincingly, I realized that in order to get composed for the discussion, I had to introduce Chris topic early that is literacy development and academic success. I went forth to explain the importance of the collaborative relationship between Mrs. Shorts and me. I as well was obliged in accepting that parents view their role in different ways, which made me more(prenominal) knowledgeable about cultural diversity, and it affected my relationship with Mrs. Shorts.I build parents knowledge of literacy procedures where I delusive that Mrs. Shorts was supporting Chris learning. I even enquired how the boy performed while at home. In particular, I

Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest - Essay ExampleThe major cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is large-scale kine ranching. Conversion of forestland to grassland in order to pave way for cattle production is general. The leather derived from cattle is exported to other countries while the beef is sold locally and within the highly populated urban markets. The environmentalists digest pushed the government. Consequently, they have set stricter compliance regulations for cattle owners and slaughterhouses (Barbosa 2000 p. 34).Another cause of deforestation in the region is commercial land and logging. The emergence of the soybean resulted into major deforestation in the Amazon. The soybean impact drove farmers deeper into the forest. In addition, sieve and sugar cane farmers have also invaded the forest. Illegal logging in the forest is also widespread (Andersen 2002 p. 56). Other causes of deforestation are clearance of forest cover for hydroelectric power and mi ning of mineral, crude oil and gas. Furthermore, Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world. Its high population, rampant rate of urbanization and economic increment has made farmers invade the Amazon.Recent studies reveal that the destruction of the Amazon in every minute is an theater of operations equal to 50 football pitches (Carrington 2013 p. 1). Environmentalists fear that if this trend continues, approximately 20% of the forests tree cover go forth be lost in the next twenty years resulting into the crumble of the forests

Explain and evaluate claims made by linguistic relativists regarding the relationship between language, thought and culture Essay Example for Free

Explain and evaluate claims made by linguistic relativists regarding the relationship between terminology, ruling and destination EssayThe relationship between talking to, culture and thought has been a controversial password over decades. Many linguists and sound offers ready urged that language lead to large differences in culture and thoughts. Some argue that language controls peoples view and thought of the reality, where language embodies worldview, and some argue the differentwise. manner of speaking, culture and thought whitethorn al counsellings refer as together, comfort any one of them implies the other two. In this essay, I am going to focus on linguistic relativism and I will evaluate claims made by linguistic relativists. Linguistic relativism is a weaker interpretation of linguistic determinism. It is a window through which to view the cognitive process, not as an absolute. Its set forth to be used in looking at a phenomenon differently than one usually would. (Badhesha, 2001) Linguistic categorize and usage influence thought and reliable kinds of non-linguistic behavior. Linguistic relativity hypothesis has always been a controversial and serious topic. In late-eighteenth and early 19th century, Boas claimed that at that places no intrinsic relationship between culture and language.(Boas, 1911) Acquainted with Boas, Edward Sapir was impressed with Boas statement. Later, he proposed a theory which becomes the most famous attempt in demonstrating relationship between language, culture and thoughts, Sapir-Whorf possibility (Whorfian conjecture). The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis croup be broken into two simple concepts Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativism. Linguistic determinism holds a affectionateer view. It refers to the concept that what is said has only some effect on how concepts be recognized by the chief, A strict view that what is said is directly responsible for what is seen by the mind. (Badhesha, 2002) Th is stronger point is supported by Sapir. Sapir language and culture be not intrinsically associated but language and our thought-grooves are inextricably interwoven, and are, in a sense, one and the same (1921 228, 232) Sapir believes that language and culture are not explicitly related but language, culture and thoughts are interwoven that roll in the haynot be unwoven individually other. Sapir similarly expressed his view that language affects how we grasp the world, Even comparatively simple operations of perception are rattling much more at the mercy of the social patterns called words than we might suppose. We see and hear and otherwise experience very by and large as we do because the language habits of our community predispose true choices of interpretation. (1929, p. 210) Sapir here explained that language determines our thoughts and culture, it affects our views of the world and culture is a product of language. Sapirs student, Benjamin Lee Whorf supported and mad e his theory stronger. Whorfs claims are both to the extreme, strongest but to the weaker and more cautious at the same time. The extreme perspective is linguistic determinism, where the weaker is linguistic relativism.In fact, linguistic relativism is widely spread through Whorfs work. Whorf The background linguistic system of each language is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas. (1940, perception and Linguistics, Technology Review 42 229-31, 247-8) In this quote, Whorf proposed the stronger form where language determines thought, language shapes our ideas. The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which have to be organized largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. (Whorf, 1940a231) This is a weaker form where Whorf argue that the world is in some manner under the influence of our linguistic systems. Both in stronger and weaker form, Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis argue that our thoughts, ideas, behav ior and culture are under the influence of language. This hypothesis is supported with turn up. Perception of colors is one of the obvious evidence that support language influences our thoughts. Different languages has their way to encode and categorize colors, in slope, there are sixteen basic colors and common two color terms disastrous and light.However, Russian has different words to distinguish light blue (boluboy) and dark blue (siniy). When Russian and English speakers are put to a test to discriminate the two blue colors, Russian is imbed to be better at it. As Russian perceive the two blue colors as different colors unlike English speakers who categorize it as blue generally. In both English and Chinese, when giving directions verbally, we tend to use left and right instead of E/W/S/N, this is in addition true in many other languages.However, Kuuk Thaayorra (aboriginal language spoken in fagotsland, Australia), they use E/W/S/N to represent left and right, e. g. when they refer to right hand, they may say eastward hand. Their perception of the world differs from us due to the use of direction terms. To them, the world needs to include meticulous orientations. This is an example of perception of space which display language affects our perceptions and thoughts. Grammatical feature is another proof of language affects our culture.Whorf asserts that users of markedly different grammars are pointed by their grammar towards different types of observations and hence are not equivalent as observers but must arrive at somewhat different views of the world (Whorf 1940b61) Whorf suggested that speakers of different languages will think about the world differently. Hopi language (aboriginal language spoken in Arizona) is early evidence to Whorfian Hypothesis on language and thought. In Hopi language system, they dont have tenses such as ed, -ing, -s in SAE 1, they have different perspective of time from SAE speakers.Also, in Hopi, the concept of time ca nnot be counted and talked like a sensual quantity. Language also affects and reflects our culture and values. In Hong Kong, we refer to relatives in different terms, not only aunty/uncle, cousins unlike English. For example, we have different terms for cousins that are older and younger than us, e. g. biu-gor (older male cousin), biu-mui (younger female cousin). It reflects the hierarchy and projects the importance of respecting senior in Chinese family. We can see that Chinese family, including families in Hong Kong divides and identifies its members.For Chinese people, they perceive seniors as people to respect. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is the idea that the language that person speaks will affect their perception of the world and accordingly their behavior and culture. In stronger form, language determines the way we think and what we are capable to think of where as linguistic relativity the weaker form indicates that our thoughts and culture are under the influence of language . Although there are more and more scientific and real life examples that support Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, anthropologists and linguists still argues weather the hypothesis is too strong or not today.Many argue that instead of language determining our thoughts and culture, they are in fact inter-related and none of them should be dominating the other two. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has received criticism over the years, and it summed up to be three main criticisms, the idea of causality, the methods and translations. While Whorf and Sapir claimed that language affects our perception of the world and the formation of our cultures. Both of them didnt include the evolution of language, what made up our language, the cultural values that may have been included opus setting language system.It is possible that cultural values that might have developed language helped the way we perceive the world. Humboldt (late 18th century) also questioned Sapir-Whorfs hypothesis, The spiritual traits a nd the structure of the language of a people are so intimately blended that, given either of the two, one should be able to derive the other from it language is their spirit, and their spirit is their language it is difficult to imagine any two things more identical. He also questioned the causality of such hypothesis. Whether if language is the spirit of thoughts and culture or the otherwise.He claims that it is uncertain which one should be derives and to be the spirit of the others. Another obvious criticism is the methods Whorfs methods. Some believed that Whorf deliberately translated Hopi language in a certain way to support his own hypothesis, to emphasis another thinking system. Linguists, Steven Pinker accused Whorfs method with strong attitude, No one is really sure how Whorf came up with his outlandish claims, but his limited, naughtily analyzed sample of Hopi speech and his long-term leanings towards mysticism must have helped. (Pinker, 1994) He also overthrown Whorfs claim of Hopi people has different perception of time as anthropologist Malotki (1983) has found that the Hopi do have a concept of time very similar to ours. (Neil Parr-Davies, 2001) Translation is another criticism of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Many critics raised the question, if our thoughts are really affected and determined by language, then presumably certain concepts would only be intelligible to people that shared the same language.That suggested that if the hypothesis is entirely true, Whorf would have been failed to understand Hopi peoples concept, costless to say even to understand their first thought. Although criticisms are raised against Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, there are more evidence and claims that support it even in modern days. In fact, psycholinguistic have been studying far beyond perception of color and Hopi language currently, it has been studying and discovering more evidence in modern days such as emotion perception, memory etc. Modern famous researchers like Lera Boroditsky, John A.Lucy believe in Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, that language indeed influences thoughts, however in relatively narrow ways. I agree the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis to a large extent. I believe language does influence our thoughts and perceptions of the world. Recently, I have been studying different accents in the world and discovered that it is evidence sustenance the linguistic relativists. For example, if someone speaks English in BBC accents or Queens English, we would immediately refer them coming from higher social status in Britain.Indeed, our perception can be easily affected by the trivial elements in language as accents. Even nowadays, there are more and more evidence that prove linguistic relativists we cannot deny the fact that language does somehow shape our daily thoughts and life. Language changes the way we see different culture, it can reflect a certain culture and background of people. Taking Soviet Ukraine as an example, as the prices and supply of p roduct was centrally controlled, they were very cheap and hard to find, and instead of saying What are they selling? they ask, Shcho dajut?(What are they giving? ). Through the language, we can see the cultural values and background of a country, allowing us to understand and perceive different cultures. Nonetheless, I disagree to a small extent as I believe, on one hand, language may shape our thoughts and culture on the other hand, our culture and thoughts also shape language. Language may act as a tool merely reflecting our thoughts and culture. Under patriarchy and stereotyping, many European countries referred male as a stronger, rational and more dynamic member of the society while female were emotional, silent and impalpable one.Leading European languages like French, Spanish are some examples that reflect social stereotyping under gray influence. In French, most all sport and daylight activities are referred as male, le soleil (the sun) while almost all night time activi ties are referred as female, la lune (the moon). Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is a powerful and lead linguistic theory that suggests the relationship between language, culture and thoughts.It can be interpreted as linguistic determinism and relativism it remains arguable and controversial whether this hypothesis is too strong. Much evidence arises even until today supporting the hypothesis. It is inevitable that every hypothesis receives criticism, but I truly believe the reason why Whorfianism is still being studied today is because we can never deny the influence of language on our thoughts and culture. Language may not be the one the strongly defines our perception and values, but it does affects us in our day-by-day life.

Social Networks Essay Example for Free

Social Net thrashs EssayShould businesses be able to call Facebook and Twitter take carees to determine whether a person is eligible for employment? There be a lot of mixed feelings about this topic, but a lot more companies ar doing playing searches on potential candidates for employment eligibility. I think that employers should prototype complaisant media in conjunction with hiring an individual. numerous jobs today atomic number 18 related to the assistant industry and I feel that some people salutary do not qualify for jobs in this industry. More employers today are using Facebook and Twitter searches for finale on if a person is eligible for employment, and for retention of a current employee. In 2010 nearly 22% of employers were checking Facebook profiles when hiring a person to see if they were drinking too much, doing drugs or talking bad about a former employer (Oleniczak, Pike, 2010, P13). So some people betoken that it is violating privacy, which has ma de this questionable (Oleniczak, Pike, 2010, P14).Well the Federal authorities enacted some laws that could be interpreted as a questionable action (Oleniczak, Pike, 2010, P14). One of these states Personal tuition shall not be collected by a accumulator register for the inclusion in a commemorate or in a generally available nationalation unless (a) The information is collected for a enjoyment the is a lawful intent directly related to a function or activity of the collector and, (b) The collection of the information is necessary for or directly related to that purpose (Oleniczak, Pike, 2010, P14).Well under the stolon principle an employee could argue that Facebook is personal and considered what they do outside of work, and under reference b, a potential employee could argue that their privacy was invaded and they candidate was not informed that their Facebook profile would be investigated (Oleniczak, Pike, 2010, P14). There have been many lawsuits brought against employer s that use Facebook as part of their hiring process, which is starting to be a turn off to employers, because this could hurt them financially (Olencizak, Pike, 2010, P14).Although the laws do protect us, but employers can still use some of the information in their decision (Elzwig, Peeples, 2009, P9). Employers are basically using the information to turn over it towards good business (Elzwig, Peeples, 2009, P9). Although employers must take certain step first before applying their search towards the candidate, which are * Check affable networking sites before making employment decisions in order to gain important information * Verify the accuracy of the information * Recognize the actual purpose of the site Consider the age of the employee or potential employee Develop clear policies in regards to the using social networking * Post what the potential use of the information that is gathered on job stockings and the application * Have employees and candidates residence a consent form prior to accessing the information * Check state laws and statutes for privacy (Elzwig, Peeples, 2009, P9) There are a lot of mixed feelings on whether an employer should use social networks as a hiring tool. Two professionals weighed in on an interview in 2008 about this topic, Greg Fish and Timothy Lee.Greg fish stated Social Networking profiles are not resumes and companies should not use them when determining if an applicant should be hired (Castone. 2008). He further stated, When companies use these profiles to find not only a professional but also an ideological match for a job, theyre misleading themselves and building ill will with talented prospective employees, who might decline to apply for a job for fear of a comment about China on their blog makes their persona non-grata (Castone. 2008).Timothy Lee argues that there are plenty of reasons why employers need to look at social networks (Castone. 2008). He states, Employees in sales public relations and customer servi ce function as representatives for the companies they work for, so employers have a legitimate interest in ensuring potential workers wont blockade the company (Castone. 2008). People shouldnt fear that an employer will compensate a hold of their profile, but quite expect it and use it to their advantage, Lee states (Castone. 008). What I feel the Timothy Lee is trying to string at by using our social network profiles to our advantage is basically use it to market yourself in the public view so that you can land that good job, ripe make sure you keep it card-playing and neat. I agree with Timothy Lee in his statement that we should not fear that an employer will get a hold of our profiles. Furthermore, I think we should expect it, and accept that an employer is looking at our profiles.We should use straightlaced etiquette when setting up our profiles and not post anything negative about previous employers, or even post provocative photos. The one thing that I hate the most ab out handout into Wal-Mart, is when I get a rude associate helping me or cashing me out. Wal-Mart does not screen their employees before hiring, I bash because I used to work for the company. In conclusion, as time goes on more companies are going to be weighing in on using social networks such as Twitter, Facebook, and MySpace as a tool for their hiring process.Although companies should make that as a notable item to potential candidates in the interview gravid them a heads up into the fact their company does run a background check and includes a search on social networks. More companies are going to weigh in on this concept and we should just accept the fact that an employer is going to use our profile as a reference. Especially in the service industry such as customer service, collections, sales, or anything that has to do with you being the front or flavour of the company, should mainly be focusing on this issue.

Clinton in diplomatic coup on Journalists release Essay Example for Free

Clinton in diplomatic coup on Journalists qualifying EssayFormer chairman placard Clinton scored a diplomatic coup when he brought corroborate to the United States on Wednesday ii convicted women television reporters. The journalists unload was a result of what was tagged officially by a member of Obama administration as a humanitarian trip and personal visit to magnetic north Korean chairperson Kim Jong-Il. snow-clad House hailed the Clinton-led crusade and denied it as a bargaining chip in the nuclear standoff between the said two countries.Press depository Robert Gibbs told White House reporters that the Clintons trip was purely a humanitarian effort undertaken by the latter and non for and in behalf of the American government. A CNN report said the release of the journalists, Laura cusk and Euna Lee, was do by and by President Kim granted them pardon for illegally entering North Korea early this year (Quijano, Moore Sosa par. 4). They were meted in June with 12 year jail sentence of hard labor for the alleged crime committed (par.11). heather and Lee were on assignment from Current TV, a media venture owned by former US Vice President Al Gore. Al Gore himself was reported to have tried to get the release of the two but was rejected by North Korea. They were on assignment to document alleged trafficking of North Korean women to China. After reunited with families at Bob Hope Airport, an emotional Ling said at a media conference that We feared at any moment that we could be sent to a hard labor populate (Quijano, Moore Sosa par. 2) but the two were later informed they will attend a meeting.As they saw President Clinton waiting at them, We were shocked, but we knew instantly in our hearts that the nightmare of our lives was finally coming to an end, added Ling (Quijano, Moore Sosa pars. 5-6). The statement of Gibbs was seen by political observers as a White House attempt to stress it was not making any concession to North Korea which is presently at odds with the United States on the have sex of nuclear build-up and atomic research among others.But President Obama himself hailed Clinton and Gore for the successful release and bringing back the two on the former Presidents number flight through Los Angeles. Upon learning of the return of Clinton and the two journalists, President Obama said We are relieved (Obama par. 1). The President further told media at the White Houses southbound Lawn that My hope is that the families who have been reunited can enjoy the next several days and weeks, understanding that because of the efforts of (former) president Clinton and (former delinquency president) Gore, they are able to be with each other once again (Obama par 4).At Nairobi, Kenya, U. S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said she was to a fault relieved after learning the release from her husband. Both Clinton and Gore evince happiness for the journalists release. A statement from his office quoted Clinton saying I am very happy that after this long ordeal, Laura Ling and Euna Lee are now home and reunited with their loved ones. Gore also showed his gratitude to President Obama and Clinton for joining the humanitarian effort (Quijano, Moore Sosa par. 10)Amidst claims of apology allegedly conveyed by Clinton but which North Korea said it knew secret code about, Press Secretary Gibbs clarified that there was no truth to Clinton conveying Obamas message. The White House spokesman also stressed that Clinton went on a humanitarian and private mission and that the release was definitely not a bargaining issue on nuclear standoff between U. S. and North Korea (Gibbs). The above-reported statements of Obama and Gibbs were posted at the White House website under the Press apprize Room.For confirmation or verification of the said details declared by the President and Press Secretary, the office may be contacted at the following phone numbers pool 202-456-1111 for comments 202-456-1414 for Switchb oard and 202-456-2461 for fax. Works Cited Gibbs, Robert. Press Briefing by Press Secretary Robert Gibbs and the Vice Presidents Chief Economist, Jared Bernstein. The Briefing Room. 8 June 2009 http//www. whitehouse. gov/the_press_office/Briefing-by-Press-Secretary-Robert- Gibbs-with-Jared-Bernstein-the-Vice-Presidents-Chief-Economist-6-8-09/.Obama, Barrack. Statement by the President on the Release of Laura Ling and Euna Lee. The Briefing Room. 5 terrific 2009 http//www. whitehouse. gov/the_press_office/Statement-by-the- President-on-the-release-of-Laura-Ling-and-Euna-Lee/. Quijano, Elaine Moore, Charlie Sosa, Ninette. Freed journalist We are so happy to be home. CNN. com International/US. 6 August 2009 http//edition. cnn. com/2009/US/ 08/05/nkorea. journalists/index. html.

Motivation and Behavior Essay Example for Free

propel and Behavior EssayMotivation refers to the wreak that take ons an organism to execute the expression it does. Simply put penury causes an organism to eat, sleep, and drink and individuals to participate in the activities they find satisfying. Motivation can separate multitude into two categories optimist and pessimist. Optimists argon those awaiting for the good in situations and pessimists finding the bad. demandal sources can be described as extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic is the want that comes from outside of the individual. built-in is the motivation of an individual that comes from within. Motivation affects an organisms behavior. Dr. Whitbourne describes six theories in here article from psychology instantly instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, cognitive and self-determination.MotivationAs defined by psychology.about.com, motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is the ps ychological process that tells humans what to do. A motivation causes humans and other species to drink, eat, play, sleep and reproduce. Without motivation there would be no reason for accomplishing anything. Within the motivation process there argon assorted factors with each individual. Motivation can come in the form of positive motivation and negative motivation. These motivating factors eventually lead to an emotional state within the individual. Generally motivation creates to type of individuals that friendship recognizes and relates with optimist and pessimist.affirmative is disposed to take a favorable view of events or conditions and to expect the most favorable outcome, (Optimistic,2012). These atomic number 18 the individuals who tilt to have a positive outlook on life. In most cases these individuals are look for the good in every situation. From dictionary.com, pessimistic is pertaining to or characterized as the tendency to expect the worst and perk up the worst in all things. Pessimists are those individuals who see the worst in everything.Sources of Motivation Extrinsic/ indispensableExtrinsic is defined by dictionary.com as, not natural or inherent being outside a thing outward or external operating or coming from without, (Extrinsic, 2012). Extrinsic motivation is hardly that, things that motivate from the external. When looking at individuals who have extrinsic motivation, they tend to not enjoy certain activities, (Huitt, 2011). They tend to be a reward based group and need affirmation from an outside source. Throughout society many people can be found to fit this category of motivation. As shown a someone who only writes poems to be submitted to poetry contests as well as a person who does not care sales but accepts a sales position for the amount of money he/she will make, (Psychology, n.d.).Intrinsic is defined by dictionary.com as, belonging to a thing by its very nature of or relating to the essential nature of a thing inhere nt, (Intrinsic, 2012). If extrinsic is from the external, the intrinsic is from within the individual. These individuals to things because it please them and they find the activity enjoyable, (Psychology, n.d.). These people are not concerned as much with what the outside world or society thinks. They are motivated from within. An example shows, playing chess because the individual enjoys effortful thinking, and a person reading a non-fiction book because they are curious about the topic, (Psychology, n.d.).Motivation and BehaviorFrom an article written by Susan Drauss Whitbourne, Ph.D. motivation as the cause of behavior is examined. In her article Dr. Whitbourne discuss insights to explain the complexity of behavior. The instinct speculation as Dr. Whitbourne refers to it as the biological set instincts that organisms have, (Motivation the whys of behavior, 2011). These factors are what tell organisms to do in indian lodge to survive, such as the lion hunting the antelope or a flock of geese migrating south for the winter. The second she describes is the drive reduction theory, (Motivation the whys of behavior, 2011). This theory talks about organisms and how they will try to just ensure that their ask are met and not look for anything else, (Motivation the whys of behavior, 2011).The article goes on to discuss how critics argue that if this theory were authentic no one would do thinks that were considered risky, (Motivation the whys of behavior, 2011). Third Dr. Whitbourne discusses the arousal theory, (Motivation the whys of behavior, 2011). Arousal theory is the glacial of drive reduction, (Motivation the whys of behavior, 2011). Arousal theory is the motivation which drives individuals to increase their stimulation and seek out things that are exciting and outside just what the individual needs, (Motivation the whys of behavior, 2011). Dr. Whitbourne goes on to discuss 3 more theories such as the incentive theory, cognitive theory, and the self-det ermination theory, (Motivation the whys of behavior, 2011)..SummaryMotivation is the process that drives individuals to behave the way they do. Individuals are categorized into two, optimist and pessimist. There are multiple sources of motivations that can be describe as each extrinsic or intrinsic. Whatever the source, individuals are either motivated from within or the world somewhat them. In an article written by Dr. Whitbourne, six theories are described which examine the why of behavior.ReferencesExtrinsic. (2012). In Dictionary.comRetrieved from http//dictionary.reference.com/ surf/intrinsic Huitt, W. (2011). Motivation to learn An overview.Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA Valdosta State University.Retrieved from http//www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/motivation/motivate.html Intrinsic. (2012). In Dictionary.com.Retrived from http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/intrinsic Motivation the whys of behavior. (2011, October). Fullfillment at Any Age, (), Retrieve d from http//www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/motivation-the-why-s-behavior Optimistic. (2012). In Dictionary.com.Retrieved from http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/optimistic Psychology and society. (n.d.).Retrieved from http//www.psychologyandsociety.com/motivation.html

Human Growth and Development Essay Example for Free

Human ingathering and Development EssayHuman reading is marked by different st come a commodiouss and milest unitys everywhere the animatenessspan. It is expressed oer three domains bodily, cognitive and socio/worked up. While homo tangible and cognitive organic evolution is universal, socio/ excited definitions and ontogenesis go from culture to culture. Gaining a basic knowledge of gentleman beings heartspan increase leave behind fall out to a better agreement of the appearance, perceptions and appearances of the self and others. Adolescence is a demanding and critical effect in life. Failure to meet sealed increaseal milestones shadow nonplus serious short- and long-term implications for the individual(a) and society at large. Adolescence is a transitional phase of physical and mental human information generally occurring during the period from puberty to legal matureness (age of majority). The period of adolescence is closely closely associated wi th the teenage years, although its physical, psychological and cultural expressions flowerpot find earlier and destruction freshr.For example, although puberty has been historically associated with the intrusion of teenaged phylogenesis, it now typically begins prior to the teenage years and thither shoot been a normative transposition of it occurring in preadolescence, failicularly in females. Physical stupefyth, as translucent from puberty (particularly in males), and cognitive development generally seen in adolescence, stub excessively extend into the wee twenties. Thus chronological age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars have found it fractious to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence. A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from several(a) perspectives, most importantly from the argonas of psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adol escence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and due date whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles.Stages of Human DevelopmentThe various stages of human development include the prenatal period, babyhood, toddlerhood, early childhood, marrow childhood, adolescence, materialization adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. Each stage is marked by milestones in physical, cognitive, and socio/emotional development.1. Physical DevelopmentPhysical development has to do with the way that the human form develops over a lifespan. The most rapid and complex human development occurs during the prenatal period. From infancy to early childhood, the physical milestones include ontogenesis motor skills give c be skill to control body movements, walk, talk, speak, mathematical function tools like spoons and forks and use the rest room. From infancy to early childhood, humans grow in height, weight and great deal and get their first set of teeth. centre childhood has only a few physical milestones, such as continued growth at a much pokey rate and the gain of permanent teeth. Adolescence is the second most rapid and complex time of human development and is when the versed maturation put to work begins.Females begin to grow breasts, their hips expand and they grow pubic hair and begin menstruation, which marks their physical ability to procreate. They may grow a few inches to a greater extent(prenominal) in height. Males have signifi dropt growth spurts and develop facial and pubic hair, their voices deepen and they begin to have sperm-producing ejaculations, signifying their ability to procreate. recent adulthood is when humans be at the prime of their physical development. All of the systems argon component parting optimally, make this the best time for reproduction. Middle adulthood brings the beginning of physical deterioration, such as the end of fetidness in women, or menopause. The decrease in physi cal abilities and health for both sexes continues through late adulthood. 2. Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive development has to do with the way humans perceive and arrive the public and deals with issues like memory, thinking and decision-making processes and concept comprehension. During the prenatal period, cognitive development is highly enveloped in physical development as the primary tool for cognition the brain is still being developed. During infancy and early childhood, milestones like speaking, comprehension and object differentiation occur.Thoughts nearly the world are simplistic, and judgments are made in an every/or framework. Middle childhood brings the beginning of concrete and logical thinking, and adolescence brings about a phase where cognitive judgments are often overridden by feelings and impulses because of the bodys rapidly changing physical and biological climate. Young adulthood is the human cognitive prime, as the capa urban center for rapid and accurate m emory, thought processing and information analysis function at peak extend aims. Perceptions of the world, judgment and morality become much sophisticated and complex. During middle adulthood, humans are experts at problem solving, although they begin to bonk some signs of decline with speed in processing and recall. latish adulthood signifies the continued deterioration of cognitive abilities.Theoretical perspectivesThere are two perspectives on adolescent thinking. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents cognitive improvement is comparatively sudden and drastic. The second is the information-processing perspective, which advances from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in basis of the growth of specialised components of the thinking process.Improvements in cognitive abilityBy the time individuals have r eached age 15 or so, their basic thinking abilities are comparable to those of adults. These improvements occur in five areas during adolescence 1. Attention. Improvements are seen in selective attention, the process by which one focuses on one stimulus while set out another. Divided attention, the ability to pay attention to two or more(prenominal) than stimuli at the comparable time, likewise improves. 2. Memory. Improvements are seen in both working memory and long-term memory.3. Processing speed. Adolescents think more quickly than children. Processing speed improves sharply between age five and middle adolescence it then begins to level off at age 15 and does not appear to flip between late adolescence and adulthood. 4. Organization. Adolescents are more aware of their own thought processes and can use mnemonic devices and other strategies to think more efficiently. 5. Meta-cognition It often involves monitoring ones own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Ad olescents improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective studying.3. Socio/worked up DevelopmentSocio/emotional development has to do with how an individual is able to handle emotions, relationships, social situations, and the various roles demanded of them by society. Some tone of Socio/Emotional standards, such as social expectations, relationships, and roles vary from culture to culture. During infancy and early childhood, the primary relationships are with the parents and based on attachment. Environmental exploration, impulsivity, differentiation of self (from others) and the basics of social interaction are learnt. In early childhood, impulsivity begins to give way to control, and awareness of consequences significantly gos behavioral choices.Middle childhood begins the transition from family orientation to peer orientation, which carries on into adolescence. Issues of identify, sexuality and sexual expression, confl ict and resolution and internal stability prevail. By young somebody adulthood, the focus shifts from peers to career, social role, building external stability, conclusion a mate and starting a family. Middle adulthood is met with the psychological and emotional challenges of facing the mid-life crisis, and a life analysis and inventory is taken. Late adulthood marks the transition from the mid-life crisis. Life reflection, acceptance of death, and legacy building or making social contri andions excessively occur at this phase.I. Identity developmentAmong the most common beliefs about adolescence is that it is the time when teenagers form their ad hominem identities. Egocentrism is being performed by adolescents who then form self-consciousness of wanting to feel important in their peer groups and having social acceptance of fitting into the group. Empirical studies suggest that this process might be more accurately described as identity development, rather than formation, but confirms a normative process of salmagundi in both content and structure of ones thoughts about the self. Researchers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development self-concept, sense of identity, and conceit. The years of adolescence create a more conscientious group of young adults. Adolescents pay close attention and give more time and effort to their appearance as their body goes through changes. Unlike children, teens put forth an effort to look presentable (1991). The surround in which an adolescent grows up also plays an important role in their identity development.II. Self ConceptEarly in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children as children, they defined themselves with physical traits whereas as adolescents, they define themselves based on their values, thoughts and opinions.III. Sense of identityUnlike the conflicting aspects of self-concept, identity represents a coherent sense of self immutable across circumstances and including past experiences and future goals. Everyone has a self-concept, whereas Erik Erikson argued that not everyone fully contacts identity. Eriksons theory of stages of development includes the identity crisis in which adolescents must explore different possibilities and integrate different parts of themselves before committing to their beliefs. He described the resolution of this process as a stage of identity achievement but also stressed that the identity challenge is never fully resolved once and for all at one point in time. Adolescents begin by defining themselves based on their crowd membership. Clothes suspensor teens explore new identities, sepa rate from parents, and bond with peers. Fashion has played a major role when it comes to teenagers finding their selves Fashion is always evolving, which corresponds with the evolution of change in the own(prenominal)ity of teenagers.IV. Environment and identityAn adolescents surround plays a huge role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle class children, studies have shown that the more privileged upbringing one has the more successful they will be in the development of their identity. The forming of an adolescents identity is a crucial time in their life. It has been recently found that demographic patterns suggest that the transition to adulthood is now occurring over a longer span of years than was the effect during the middle of the 20th century. Accordingly, youth, a period that spans late adolescence and early adulthood, has become a more with child(p) stage of the life course. This thitherfore has caused various factor s to become important during this development. So many factors contribute to the developing social identity of an adolescent from commitment, to coping devices, to social media. All of these factors are runed by the environment an adolescent grows up in.A child from a more privileged upbringing will be exposed to more opportunities as well as better situations in general. An adolescent from an inner city or a crime driven neighborhood is more likely to be exposed to an environment that can be detrimental to their development. Adolescence is a very sensitive period in the development process of ones life and exposure to the wrong things at that time can have a major affect on decisions individual will make. While children that grow up in nice suburban communities are not exposed to bad environments they are more likely to participate in activities that can improvement their identity and contribute to a more successful identity development.V. familiar orientation and identitySexua l orientation has been defined as an erotic inclination toward quite a little of one or more genders, most often described as sexual or erotic attractions. In recent years, psychologists have desire to understand how sexual orientation develops during adolescence. Some theorists believe that there are many different executable developmental paths one could take, and that the specific path an individual follows may be determined by their sex, orientation, and when they reached the onset of puberty.VI. Self-esteemThe final major aspect of identity formation is self-esteem, ones thoughts and feelings about ones self-concept and identity. reverse gear to popular belief, there is no empirical evidence for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence. Barometric self-esteem fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety, but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence. Girls are most likely to bang high self-esteem when engaged in meetive relationships with friends the most important function of friendship to them is having somebody who can provide social and moral swear. When they fail to win friends approval or couldnt find someone with whom to share common activities and common interests, in these cases, girls will suffer from low self-esteem.In contrast, boys are more concerned with establishing and asserting their independence and defining their relation to authority. As such, they are more likely to derive high self-esteem from their ability to successfully influence their friends on the other hand, the lack of romantic competence, for example, reverse to win or maintain the affection of the opposite or same-sex (depending on sexual orientation), is the major contributor to low self-esteem in adolescent boys. ECONOMIC CRISES fuel HAVE SERIOUS IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN maturement Financial crises, at both the global and the national level, are ubiquitous. This raises concern about the human impacts of crises, especially among more vulnerable populations in developing countries.This is particularly true during childhood and youth, when the brain is developing rapidly, and when socio-emotional and behavioral developments are at their peak. Given the cumulative nature of human development, shortfalls or setbacks at any stage of the life coursefrom the antenatal environment through adolescenceare often difficult to reverse subsequent in life and may have severe consequences for individual development as well as for the growth and development of successful communities. Thus, it is essential to protect and promote human development in the formulation of adversity. Three interrelated concepts provide the first appearance for understanding the potential impacts of shocks on children and youth.a) TimingHuman development is characterized by critical periods of life during which certain investments must be made to facilitate the achievement of specific milestones in development, or stage salient developmental tasks. These age-related expectations for the mastery of particular tasks provide benchmarks for the abilities that an individual should ideally master by different ages, and that are correlated with successful development and transition to subsequent stages in life. Economic crises can disrupt a young persons normal development by preventing or delaying the mastery of these developmental tasks at specific stages, whichif uncorrectedcan have potential long term consequences.b) ContextDevelopment in childhood and youth is influenced by diverse contexts or settings (family, peers, schools, communities, socio-cultural belief systems, policy regimes, and the economy). The relative importance of these settings changes during the life course. Interactions among these settings determine both the transmission of shocks such as a financial crisis to the young persons immediate environment and the impact of the shock on her development. As development is partly a functi on of a persons repeated interactions with her immediate environment (the proximal processes of human development), shocks can disrupt the contexts in which these processes occur, and hinder a young persons ability to develop successfully.c) Transmission mechanismsThere are numerous pathways through which a crisis can affect the well-being and development of a young person. Crises may be experienced directly at the individual level (through e.g. a change in aspirations and identity), or indirectly through the family, school, or other settings (through e.g. change magnitude parental stress, parental job loss, a reduction in publicly-provided services). The developing person will experience crises through the loss in income, but also through other channels, such as psychological distress. The relevance of each particular transmission mechanism varies depending on the life stage of the person as well as on the context. Different settings may provide protective factors that prevent, mi tigate or weaken negative impacts these factors can be a source of resilience, facilitating positive adaptive behavior on the part of the developing person. effects of economic crises on adolescents Adolescence is a crucial stage in a persons development. Adolescence is marked by profound physical, emotional, and social transitions the brain undergoes significant neurological development, and cognitive and socio-emotional abilities take shape. While social expectations of the precise timing of certain transitions vary across countries and cultures, all adolescents are last expected to make the transition to adulthood, including entering work, becoming financially independent, and starting a family. Adapting to these new roles and successfully managing this transition requires the mastery of three interrelated stage-salient tasks3 a. Autonomy and relatednessAs young people mature, they negociate their relationships with parents, peers, teachers, and other adults. Settings outside the family, such as the workplace, become increasingly important. Young people must achieve greater personal and financial independence while maintaining positive relationships with parents and other adults.b. IdentityThe process of increment more autonomous and defining ones role in society requires that adolescents establish personal and vocational preferences and aspirations.c. Goal setting and achievementThe ability to define goals and plan and act strategically provides the foundation for subsequent growth and development.ECONOMIC CRISES CAN IMPAIR HEALTHY ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENTCrises affect the opportunities and support structures available to adolescents to develop the cognitive, socio-emotional, and behavioral competencies needed to master the stage-salient tasks. In particular, crises can lead to i) Limited and unorthodox body of work opportunitiesYouth employment tends to be more vulnerable to economic crises than adult employment. Young people are often engaged in tem porary and unprotected worksuch as seasonal, temporary, and temporary jobsor in sectors particularly vulnerable to economic fluctuations, such as construction. By constraining employment opportunities, as well as the availability of other entry points into the get the picture market, such as internships and apprenticeships, economic shocks affect the process of acquiring necessary skills, work experience, and achieving financial autonomy. Worsening labor market conditions can also affect adolescents expectations, vocational identity, and personal goals, as the context and perceived likelihood of achieving them may change dramatically. ii) Loss of parental employment and income, and deterioration of family dynamics The threat or realization of losing income or assets can lead to anxiety among parents, which is then transmitted to adolescents through parents emotions and behaviors. For example, the quality of parenting can be negatively affected, impairing the development of adolesc ents autonomy and ability to form relationships. Impaired family dynamics are linked to mental health problems and heightened relative incidence of risky behaviors.Research also shows that adolescents who perceive economic stress within their families have lower self-expectations for the future. iii) Changes in the availability of adult role models outside the family Crises may not only affect intra family dynamics, but also the availability of and interactions with positive role models in the school or community. Lower public expenditure can adversely affect the quality as well as quantity of schooling, while supervised extramarital activities and out-of-school programs are often discontinued.These reduce the availability of positive adult mentoring relationships, restricting the support and way available to adolescents in mastering their developmental tasks. In addition to these disruptions in their immediate environment, adolescents are more aware than younger children of the i mpact of shocks on socioeconomic status, and they may perceive economic pressures and stigma more directly. This can lead to additional difficulties with psychosocial adjustment, and influence their self-esteem, identity, future orientation, and efficacy beliefs. THE FAILURE TO MASTER CRITICAL TASKS CAN HAVE NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS FOR ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT. Failure to achieve stage-salient developmental tasks can jeopardize other life outcomes. Although there is considerable heterogeneity across individuals, crises can have particularly negative consequences in the hobby areasa) Schooling EmploymentContrary to the experience of idiosyncratic shocks, such as parental job loss, there is no compelling evidence that young people leave school during aggregate crises to work and support the household. Young people have fewer job opportunities in a crisis this decreases the perceived re countermands to entering the labor market relative to remaining in school. On the other hand, diminish ed opportunities for employment can in earnest affect those young people who do try to enter the labor market. Early un- and underemployment is known to have serious long-term effects on future employment and lifetime income, and these young people often fail to catch up when the economy rebounds.b) Mental healthBy altering their relationships, identity, and goals for the future, unexpected life events can affect adolescents physical and mental health. Difficulty in the labor market may lead to hopelessness and lower self-esteem, especially for young people who are in the process of forming occupational identities. In fact, unemployment experienced at early ages is associated with stress, depression, and illness later in life. Mental health problems during youth can also lead to lower educational achievement, increased substance abuse, violence, and risky sexual behavior.c) Risky behaviorEconomic adversity and its effects on the adolescent and her immediate environment may lead to greater risk taking, although this response is by no means universal. Crises can diminish the quality of parenting, which in turn may increase the likelihood for delinquency among youth. Similarly, stress and mental health problems have been associated with risky sexual activity. But while young people who experience severe stress are more accustomed to substance abuse, an income shock that decreases disposable income can decrease the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs.SignificanceHaving some knowledge about human lifespan development is beneficial for many reasons. It increases self-awareness and understanding, which helps with life preparation. If a female is aware of the stages of her physical development, for example, she will know that her natural childbearing years are limited. If she wants to have children, she can use family planning to make choices about her education, career and mate to support this goal. Additionally, this knowledge can be helpful for improving relationships and interpersonal communication and resolving conflicts.ConclusionHuman development is marked by different stages and milestones over the lifespan. It is expressed over three domains physical, cognitive and socio/emotional. While human physical and cognitive development is universal, socio/emotional definitions and development vary from culture to culture. Gaining a basic knowledge of human lifespan development will lead to a better understanding of the appearance, perceptions and behaviors ofthe self and others. Physical development has to do with the way that the human body develops over a lifespan. The most rapid and complex human development occurs during the prenatal period. From infancy to early childhood, the physical milestones include developing motor skills like learning to control body movements, walk, talk, speak, use tools like spoons and forks and use the rest room.From infancy to early childhood, humans grow in height, weight and mass and get their first set of teeth. Cognitive development has to do with the way humans perceive and experience the world and deals with issues like memory, thinking and decision-making processes and concept comprehension. During the prenatal period, cognitive development is highly enveloped in physical development as the primary tool for cognition the brain is still being developed. Socio/emotional development has to do with how an individual is able to handle emotions, relationships, social situations, and the various roles demanded of them by society. Some aspect of Socio/Emotional standards, such as social expectations, relationships, and roles vary from culture to culture.REFERENCE1. Human Development, Diane E. Papalia, 9th edition2. Boyd, D., and Bee, H., (2006). Lifespan Development, fourthly Edition. Boston, MA. Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Chassin, L., A. Hussong, and A. Beltran. 2009. Adolescent Substance Use. In Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. 3rd ed., Hoboken, NJ Wiley. Lundberg, P. et al. 2011. Poor Mental health and Sexual Risk Behaviours in Uganda A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study. BMC Public Health 11 (125) 110 4. Bell, D., and D. Blanchflower. 2010. Young People and Recession A Lost Generation? working(a) Paper. Dartmouth College. 5. See for example Duryea, S., and M. Morales. 2011. Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Childrens School and Employment Outcomes in El Salvador. Development 6. policy Review 29 (5) 52746. Scarpetta, S., A. Sonnet, and T. Manfredi. 2010. Rising Youth Unemployment during the Crisis How to Prevent Negative 7. Long-Term Consequences on a Generation. Social, Employment, and Migration Working Paper 106, OECD Paris. 8. Carlson, N. R., Heth, C. (2010). Psychologythe science of behaviour, fourth Canadian edition by Neil R. Carlson, C. Donald Heth. Toronto Pearson. 9. Steinberg, L. (2008).Adolescence, 8th ed. New York, NY McGraw-Hill. 10. American Psychological connecter (APA). United States Department of Health and Human Serv ices. 11. Carlson, Neil R. (2010). Psychology the science of behaviour. Toronto, Ontario Pearson Education Canada.

The Victorian Age in Literature Essay Example for Free

The squared-toe suppurate in Literature EssayThe straitlaced Age is roughly delimited by the reign of tabby Victoria, who ascended the gage of Great Britain on 1937, and died in 1901. For the sake of convenience the puritanic age of literature is bracketed by the period 1830 to 1901. Both in terms of literature and culture the niminy-piminy period is highly distinctive. For much(prenominal) a temperamentistic period to correspond to the reign of a monarch, and considering the inordinate length of it, suggests somehow that the character of the monarch has left its imprint therein. But this is in truth far from cosmos the case.In theory Britain was a constitutional monarchy, which meant that the queen was supreme ruler, and was aided by an executive arm, which was a Parliament that is democratic solelyy elected. This was, however, unless on paper. In practice the bourgeoisie were entrenched in the Parliament and ruled the land as an oligarchy. The entrenchment of the mi ddle classes in England was a process begun with the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215, in which the nobles wrenched significant powers from the crown, consequently in the air of the unpopular King John.Both the nobles and the crown, however, met a new challenge in the form of the merchant and middle classes after the Protestant Reformation, which was the basis of the English Civil War, fought in the seventeenth century. The number of this war was a monarchy thoroughly emasculated and in the hands of the bourgeoisie, who began to appoint their kings from abroad, beginning with William of Orange, from Holland, who ascended the British thr unrivalled as William III in the Glorious whirling of 1688.In 1714 George Louis, Elector of Han all over, was invited to sit on the British throne, which began the long lineage of the House of Hanover, of which Queen Victoria was descended. In this wise the queen was barely English, and had scarce any inclination to become one, evidenced by th e links continued to be held with the continent. She became merely a sen eonntalized figurehead, as Britain forged ahead, during her reign, to become the economic and imperial power of world.She was ultimately conferred the title of Empress of India, at the time when India was the Jewel in the Crown of a world empire. But she identified weeny with the aspirations of the age that she labeled. The liberty of woman was a central tenet of Victorianism, which she opposed vehemently. She called it mad, wicked folly, and thought that these ladies ought to get a good whipping (qtd. in Strachey 409). The advance of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution forms the backdrop to the Victorian age. The preliminary to this was the rise of perception and rationalism at the expense of faith.The Enlightenment is the name given to this figurehead in the initial phase, especially in relation to the conscious intellectual achievement in this direction shake by the likes of Bayle and Voltaire in France. It venerated fountain, the experimental method of Bacon, the mechanics of Newton, and the ideals of the Classical world of ancient Rome and Greece. This movement eventually bred a reaction in Germany, by the likes of Herder, Schiller and Goethe, who emphasized passion and spontaneity, as against cold reason.The movement came to be labeled Romanticism, and assemble a vigorous growth on English soil in addition through Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats and others. umpteen have characterized the Victorian ethos as a agree between these two extremes, and found expression in a ism known as Utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham and James Mill were the advocates of this philosophy. Bentham coined the motto the superlative good of the salientest number to encapsulate the philosophy (qtd. in Parekh 62). It is what Chesterton describes as the great Victorian compromise.But Victorian literature, as a whole, is not a reflection of Utilitarianism, single if is rather a fe nd against it. Chesterton compares such a protest with the popular uprising of the cut Revolution. If the stifling effects of science and industry caused the people to revolt in France, in Britain it was the poets and wordsmiths who did so. In fact this was the only avenue of protest left open in Britain, where the captains of industry has already seized all other social institutions, which is the very reason why the Industrial Revolution took place in Britain and not anywhere else.The enclosures had taken land absent from the people, leaving them just as powerless as the queen on her throne. Industry herded them into the cities and made them wrapped to Smiths division of labor. Literature was the means to rotation, according to Chesterton, on which he elaborates This class of the English Romantics to carry out the revolutionary idea not savagely in works, scarce very wildly indeed in words, had several results the most important of which was this.It started English literature after the Revolution with a sort of bent towards independence and eccentricity, which in the brighter wits became individuality, and in the duller ones, Individualism. (5) In this way the revolution is say to have succeeded, because it was equal to(p) to mould the modern character so that it is able to deal with modernity. This is a triumph not to be belittled, and so, continues Chesterton, Verbally considered, Carlyles French Revolution was more revolutionary than the real French Revolution (Ibid). EARLY PERIOD (1830-1848)Though coming well before the Victorian period, the novels of Jane Austen must be considered as a beginning, and a forerunner to proper Victorian literature. They seem to be merely preceding(a) domestic dramas, written from the very limited perspective of a provincial lady. In fact, Jane Austen had very little experience of life beyond the confines of rural England, and her works are unencumbered by the great philosophies that were then vying with each other fo r the domination of the world. She was neither a rationalist, nor a Romanticist.For her heroines, lifes one concern is to secure a good match, one that combines a good income with social esteem. The overriding gist of her novels seems to be that to obtain the ideal match the woman must possess some(prenominal) sense and sensibility, i. e. both reason and passion. In fact, Sense and Sensibility is the title of her first novel, establishing her mode. As such we are able to identify it as a precursor to the Victorian compromise. This is not to call her heroines Utilitarian, in the sense of being scheming social climbers.Austens novels must be seen as celebration of domestic life, as rest opposed to the insidious infiltration of ideas, in which sense both the rationalists and the Romanticists are guilty. Such a unsusceptibility to rational frameworks characterizes nearly all of Victorian literature, and Oscar Wilde and the Aesthetes were still engaged in the same towards the end of the Victorian period. From another point of view, it is the imposition of the womans perspective into a world that is otherwise saddle with the male.Austen must also be credited with inventing the modern novel, which Chesterton describes as a feminine art, and the move of which is to distinguish character, rather than tell a story (39). All the great Victorian novelists follow Austen in this sense. Thomas Babbington Macaulay is another writer who cannot be left out in any consideration of Victorian literature, even though he clearly comes before. He is the true prophet of progress, and thus the harbinger of the Victorian ethos.As a historian the overriding task of Macaulay is to delineate progress. He tackles history with an raise bias towards the Whiggish faction, the party that upheld the liberal tradition and allied itself to the moneyed middle classes. He upheld Benthams Utilitarianism, nevertheless was by no means cold and calculating. Instead he promoted a vision that is b road, captivating and awe-inspiring. He is the undeniable single act behind Victorian literature, even though not all his influence was wholesome. Of him Chesterton saysThe chief tragedy in the trend of later literature may be expressed by saying that the smaller Macaulay conquered the larger. Later men had less and less of that hot love of history he had inherited from Scott. They had more and more of that cold science of self-interests which he had learnt from Bentham. (12) Those who practiced the hard school of science, and advocated Utilitarianism, were unremarkably beyond the fray of literature. The leading light among them, John Stuart Mill, was an exception among them, however.He championed Smithsonian economics, and attempted to provide flesh out to the philosophy of Utilitarianism, yet he did so as an artist, and with profound common sense. His father was one of the founders of Utilitarianism, and Bentham was his godfather. He was educated at home under his fathers punis hing regime, one that was cause of a near breakdown of the youthful Mill. It was meant that he imbibe as much classical and scientific learning as possible, and Bentham was also instrumental towards this end.Mill, however, survived and went on to redefine the philosophy of Utilitarianism in a more adult male way. It was the wont of the Utilitarians to circumvent the truism that the freedom of one comes in the way of that of the other. If they did consider it, it was only in the larger numbers, along the principle of the greatest good of the greatest number. But, in his seminal test On Liberty, Mill advanced the harm principle, in which the act of liberty is said to be virtuous only when there is no immediate harem discernable to the nextThe only part of the conduct of anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individua l is sovereign. (28) The philosophy of Mill was suspect. Nevertheless, he is heartfelt and genuine, and therefore he succeeds as a writer, and his works succeed as literature, which was highly influential in taming the hard edges of Utilitarianism. He meant it that the philosophy be not cold-headed, but warm-hearted.He points out that there is a difference between felicity and contentment, and that Bentham confused the latter with the former. One may be content with numbers, but not apt with a guilty conscience. It is happiness that is to be sought, and cannot be had with numbers. So he says It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question. (Mill, Utilitarianism, 281)Many commentators tend to classify Thomas Carlyle as a Romanticist, and indeed his introduction to the world of letters is throug h his translations of Goethe, whose Romantic ideals he championed. But Carlyle will be found to be eminently Victorian, and should indeed servicing as the ideal representative of Victorianism in its early phase. The most marked characteristic of a Victorian author is that he knows instinctively something to be wrong, and gives vent to this mood in his writing. It is a remark that completely applies to Carlyle. He is never as logical as Goethe and the Romantics.He does not insist on passion, he is merely passionate. The things that he is passionate about are derived, as if, from the sixth sense. He was impatient of all forms of speculation. Our grand business undoubtedly is, not to see what lies dimly at a distance, he says, but to do what lies clearly at hand (Carlyle, Critical, 462). He distrusts history in any form whatsoever, which efficiency seem hypocritical seeing that his major works are predominantly history. But reading the French Revolution does not give us the impressi on of having read history.It is narrated as if the events were in the present, and we are supposititious to be moved as if the revolution is happening, not as a report of a last(prenominal) occurrence. He had no rapport with the mob Democracy is, by the nature of it, a self-canceling business and it gives in the long run a net result of zero (Carlyle, Chartism, 33). Neither the mob, nor the ossified isms of the philosophers partake in history. Instead it is the heroic individual, moved by the immediacy of duty, who is the real author of history. The history of the world is but the biography of great men, he avers in On Heroes and Hero Worship (29).