Marijuana for Medical Use Essay examples -- Papers Weed Cannabis Medic

Marijuana for Medical Use For many years the United States government has prohibited some drugs, such as marijuana, from being sold in the marketplace. Yet, even with prohibition, marijuana use has only decreased minimally. Because of its illegality, only the bad aspects of marijuana use have been made known. However, there ar many positive aspects of marijuana legalization, including its application concerning medical cures. As of today, in most of the states, marijuana is classified as an illegal drug. However, due to its proven healthful purposes, the drug should be made available for sick people to use. Marijuana has been used for multiple purposes prior to the birth of Christ. Marijuana originated in the Middle East. china played an important part in marijuanas history. ?Hoatho, the first Chinese physician, used cannabis for medical purposes as a painkiller and as an anesthetic for performance? stated Morgan (5). China was not the only country that used marijuana as a medi cine. For example, in Thailand it was used to stimulate the appetite of people who were ill. ?It would desexualise them sleep, and counteract diarrhea,? states Thompson (10). Clearly, we can see that the use of marijuana began as a medicine, and with more research we can find better uses of marijuana as for medicinal purposes. Marijuana is very helpful in easing the suffering of the sick but it also creates side effects. The scientific evidence published to date indicates that marijuana has a broad range of psychological and biological effects, some of which are harmful to human health. Marijuana has different effects on the nervous frame and on behavior. Marijuana impairs motor coordination and affects tracking ability and sensory and perceptual functio... ...work. It is easier to administer and the results are often much faster. It would be a tremendous returns if patients were allowed to smoke marijuana. Marijuana should not be an illicit drug it should be legalized for medic al purposes only.BibliographyBerger, Philip A. ?Marijuana.? Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corporation. 1997. Morgan, John P. and Zimmer, Lynn. Marijuana Myths, Marijuana Facts. Sarasota Book World Services, Inc. 1997. The learning of Medical Marijuana. 21 May 1999. . Thompson, Stephen P., ed. The War on Drugs Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1998. Webster, Maddy. ?Legalizing Pot What You Can Do.? High Times. Jan 1999 30. Weed Wars Facts and Stats. CNNInteractive. 1997. You Dealing with Chemotherapy. National Cancer Institute, Institute of Health. 28 Jan. 1999. .

Human Resources Conflict :: Human Resources Essays

Human Resources ConflictIn this section I will be identifying possible areas of contradictbetween the various human resources functions in Southgate College.The human resources functions are SelectionRecruitment and rearingIn Southgate College the recruitment process for teaching cater apprizetake a long time at that place are several reasons for this1.Some skills are in very short supply such as electricinstillation, plumbing and construction and also motor vehiclemaintenance. This is because these skills earn far more money in thelabour market than if people with these skills be stipendiary if they came towork at Southgate College as a teacher.2.Owners of these skills would be expected like all teachers infurther education, to undergo 2 years find outing rive time for thecertificate of education, which is a government requirement. But manyplumbers and electricians are already well qualified and resent thefact that they have to do a nonher(prenominal) period of training 1 da y a week fora job in which they earn far less money than if they stayed asplumbers and electricians without the qualifications. So it will bebetter for the plumbers and the electricians to carry on doing thereown jobs rather than becoming a teacher. This is the reason why these years are hard to do by. So as this shows the rapid decrease instaffing in these occupations has lowered the amount of teachers toteach these courses. This has now forced many colleges to stop thesecourses as there is better money for them in their own professionrather than teaching it. The main problem with this is that all thestaff have to undergo the 2-year training course for the CoE this is awaste of time and effort for this type of job. They already know howto teach their profession so this leads them not to teach and staywhere they are.If Southgate College chooses not to train its workforce it will befaced with additional recruitment costs. This is because whenskills are required existing employees wi ll have to be made redundant.The importance of Training and Development at Southgate College isthat If they neglect and do not train the staff it you will becaught out in the end either by staff leaving due to low moralSouthgate college may not perform at its peak because staff may notknow how to use equipment decent or are not sure what the correctprocedure is or your business falls behind because either you or yourstaff have not been given the opportunity to update their skills orknowledge within the college.Recruitment and Appraisals

Gov Jane Hull :: essays research papers

Jane Dee Hull was born in Kansas City, Missouri, on August 8, 1935. Governor Hull is married to Dr. terry cloth Hull. Dr. Hull practiced medicine in Pheonix for 32 wears and now works as a consultant. Governor Hull and Dr. Hull drive home four children and eight grandchildren. Governor Hull received a bachelors degree in elementary education from the University of Kansas and also did postgraduate work in political science and economics at Arizona State University. She is a graduate of the Josephson Ethics Institute. Governor Hull and her husband moved to Arizona in 1962. Dr. Hull served as a physician in public health service and the Governor taught school on the Navajo Nation until 1964. In 1979 Governor Hull was elected to the Arizona dramatic art of Representatives. She served from 1999 to 1992, and she was the first woman speaker of the house. In 1993, she ran a successful campaign for secretary of state, becoming the second woman to hold that office and the first republican since 1931.Since her inducted into office, Hull lists education, healthcare, the economy and preserving the states natural beauty as her top priorities. Governor Hull is a strong supporter of Homeland Security measures to ensure the preventive of the people of Arizona. During her term as governor, Hull has appointed a record amount of judicial appointments. Her Students FIRST school facilities funding program ensures equity for all(prenominal) student in Arizona, no matter where they live. Forty-four new schools were built and opened and another 120 new schools have been approved. An addition, $1 billion dollars leave be set aside for upgrading current school buildings. In Hulls Education 2000 program, which will raise $459 million in new funds, provides higher teacher salaries and small classrooms in kindergarten through high school. Since the Governors acceptance into office, nearly 136,000 children of the working and lower class will now receive health coverage thanks to the Governors KidsCare program. In behavioral health, funding for the seriously mentally ill has increased by 80 percent since the Governor took office, up from $102 million in fiscal category 1997 to $185 million in fiscal year 2001. The Governor also obtained approval to build a new Arizona State Hospital and the initial phases of mental synthesis have begun. Under Governor Hulls leadership and contract with Qwest Communications, Arizona is one of the first states to assure that all of Arizonas public schools will have access to the Internet.

Dealing With Drugs :: essays research papers

My mother knew sports were the most important thing in my life. She tried to substance abuse my love of sports to keep me away from medicates. She told me drugs would keep me from acting at my best when I played football.But I had been reading the sports page since I was a little kid. I knew some of the best athletes in America were utilise drugs. Guys who could run a hundred yards in less than ten seconds were using drugs. They were doing great. Drugs werent hurting their performance. So I didnt acquit any attention to my mothers warnings, and I started using drugs when I was fifteen (qtd. in Perkins and McMurtrie-Perkins 25-26).On the weekends, there is at least one society planned. Teens will find someway, no matter what to sire each drunk or high. Many will lie, steal, or cheat so they can use. slightly teens even spend an entire day trying to obtain their drugs of choice. Although many an(prenominal) teens dont use drugs because it is unacceptable, there is an increas e in drug use among teens today, because sports athletes, movies, and music make it appear acceptable.It is true, of course, that athletes will and do get reprimanded for the use of drugs, but many still run the risk, and dont get caught. They either use substances that are illegal in the sport or on the street. Steroids were first used by the Germans in World War II, then the Soviets started using them in sports in the late 1940s(Cox). It tallyms that if an athlete gets caught with drugs they receive more publicity, young people see this and think that if they do drugs too then they will get more attention.Furthermore, Many young people consider athletes, actors, actresses, and musicians as role models. They try to model their lives after them, this, many times includes the celebritys drug use if they have used before. There are many biographies on television that deal with a celebrity and their drug use. Young people see these bios and think that drug use is just a part of growin g up and that they will have to do it sometime so why non get it out of the way (Duncan). Undoubtedly, many actors and actresses have been involved in anti-drug campaigns still many have been caught or confessed using drugs. They also play many roles in movies and shows in which they use drugs, granted older people know that they are only playing a role, but many younger viewing audience dont.

Causes and Effects of the American Revolution Essay -- Essays on Amer

Both the British and the American colonists contributed to causing the American Revolution. The war grew out of contempt Englands contempt for the colonies and colonial contempt for British policies. A series of actions by the British eventually pushed the colonists over the edge and towards independence. The results of the war gave many citizens a unseasoned role in society while others, like slaves, felt no change at all. This paper will examine the specific causes and effects of the American Revolution. Ideology really laid the foundation for the Revolution. British citizens, including those in the North American colonies, felt a special sense of pride in their semipolitical system. Unlike in other European countries at the time, the English king did not possess absolute control over his country. England has a parliament, and that stood as a check against the kings power. Many Britons grew up skeptical of a single, authoritarian ruler. Within this political fra mework, there existed the concept of liberty. The English had no stand army, no letters de cachet they had their habeas corpus, their trials by jury, their freedom of speech and conscience, and their right to trade and travel they were free from arbitrary arrest and punishment their homes were their castles. The vast mass of the colonists considered themselves British, and as such, they were entitled to these rights and freedoms. Republicanism coexisted with the notion of liberty. According to the classical republican tradition, man was by nature a political being, a citizen who achieved his greatest moral fulfilment by participating in a self-governing republic. The colonists took this virtuous duty seriously, especially when it came to r... ...t for their right to have a say in how their country should be run. In their old age, the leaders of the American Revolution and eventual founders of the United States worried about the extent to which democracy pervaded society. Howeve r, their actions planted the seeds for oppressed groups to fight for their rights. A country whose founding principle is that all men are created equalwith certain unalienable rights including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness will always give pot hope for a better future. Works CitedCountryman, Edward. The American Revolution revised edition. New York Hill and Wang, 2003. Norton, Mary Beth. Libertys Daughters The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1996.Wood, Gordon S. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York Vintage Books, 1991.

Causes and Effects of the American Revolution Essay -- Essays on Amer

Both the British and the American colonists contributed to causing the American Revolution. The war grew out of contempt Englands contempt for the colonies and colonial contempt for British policies. A series of actions by the British eventu totallyy pushed the colonists over the edge and towards independence. The results of the war gave many citizens a new role in society go others, like slaves, felt no change at all. This paper will examine the specific causes and effects of the American Revolution. Ideology really laid the footing for the Revolution. British citizens, including those in the North American colonies, felt a special sense of pride in their political system. Unlike in other European countries at the time, the English king did not possess absolute control over his country. England has a parliament, and that stood as a check against the kings power. many another(prenominal) Britons grew up skeptical of a single, authoritarian ruler. Within this poli tical framework, there existed the concept of liberty. The English had no standing army, no letters de cachet they had their habeas corpus, their trials by jury, their freedom of speech and conscience, and their right to trade and travel they were free from arbitrary arrest and punishment their homes were their castles. The vast majority of the colonists considered themselves British, and as such, they were entitled to these rights and freedoms. Republicanism coexisted with the notion of liberty. consort to the classical republican tradition, man was by nature a political being, a citizen who achieved his greatest moral fulfillment by participating in a self-governing republic. The colonists took this virtuous duty seriously, especially when it came to r... ...t for their right to have a say in how their country should be run. In their old age, the leaders of the American Revolution and eventual founders of the United States worried about the extent to which democracy pervaded s ociety. However, their actions planted the seeds for oppressed groups to fight for their rights. A country whose founding principle is that all men are created equalwith certain unalienable rights including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness will always give people hope for a better future. working CitedCountryman, Edward. The American Revolution revised edition. New York Hill and Wang, 2003. Norton, Mary Beth. Libertys Daughters The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1996.Wood, Gordon S. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York Vintage Books, 1991.

A comparison of the contemporary labour and conservative parties in britain

The long history of political rivalry in neat Britain has always been between the buttoned- drink down and Labour Parties. National leaders who were representative of twain come and go in the same way as the popularity of both parties rise and fall over decades.Labor Partys Tony Blair was able to bring back the party into the limelight where it was previously before 1970s. Its close rival party, the Conservatives has enjoyed the prestige during the seventies when the Labour Party made countless mis scans, or shall we say unsound decisions on labor issues and policies.CNN News called that particular labor issue as the partys tailspin which includes Labor-spending policies, which brought Britain to an economic situation where it shamefully needs to seek for the assistance of the World Bank through a bailout loan (Blystone, Richard). A year called Winter of Discontent which ran from 1978 to 1979 turned the popularity of the Labour Party upside down. The worst thing that could ever ha ppen as a consequence of the yearlong discontent was to lose the seat in the next election.The Labour Party was losing support as more and more people go to the streets and join rallies. That year, in that location were about 4.6 million workers to go on strike causing the British economy around 29 million workdays. Part of the protests against the Labour government was to allow their garbage remain uncollected in the streets which indicate that no one would want to go out work during those days.In 1980, the Labour Partys idolatry of losing the election came as had never been expected after rumblings of discontent with William Hagues leadership. Margaret Thatcher of the Conservative Party beat the Labours representative in the national elections. It was overly important to mention that the Conservative Party won a majority of 33 seats in the Parliament. After Thatchers victory, the Labour Party did not have any chance of winning over the Conservatives for 18 years.Thatcher was t he first woman in the British political party who work hand in hand with John Powell to bring the Conservative Party into a strong political party after losing in the 1974 elections. Conservatives have also undergone erratic relationships inwardly the party, members come and go and move to and from other parties especially on cases where there are major disagreements in its member. With Powell and Thatcher, things got better this time. Their strategy to bring back the popularity of the Conservatives was to take the opportunity to win the hearts and trust of the people during the Winter of Discontent.They made use of the media to make people believe that the government should not in any way have an involvement in the social and economic matters. Thatcher constructed a new social base of support for her party that came less from the traditionalistic conservatives backers, the upper classes and landed gentry, than from the middle classes and skilled workers who felt increasingly disc ontent and unrepresented by the traditional policies and orientations of the two major political parties (Rasmussen, et.al. 1995).Thatchers gained popularity through the Conservative Party enabled her to win the 1979 elections first, because of the discontent of the people on labor issues the year before the elections. Second, it might have been because the people wanted another leader outback(a) the Labour government since the latter was not able to make labour concerns a precession in running their government. Lastly, the British have known Thatcher as directly opposed to the labour ideas of the Labour government and of course a campaign have promised the people to have such labor disputes a priority in the next elections which they won.Thatcher was a witty leader in his own right. She won the 1983 elections after having it scheduled at the time when victory over Falkland Islands against genus Argentina was still fresh. Timely with the British economic growth, Thatcher still swe pt the 1987 elections which let her stay in force out until 1990. But Thatcher failed to bring the Conservatives back in power in the 1990 elections. Although Thatcher was undoubtedly popular at that time, and that Thatcher was known for her sound leadership in dealing with the internal conflicts within her own party, John Major brought her down this time.There were issues which attributed Thatchers lost of support from her own party because of her hesitation to support European integration. In this regard, Thatcher compromised her political position when she directly opposed to the general sight of the British people towards the integration.One more thing was the Thatchers poll tax which taxed registered voters to replace property taxes collected by local councils and which was widely viewed as regressive by taxing the lower income strata more heavily than the upper classes. With the leadership of John Major, the issue of poll tax was little by little eradicated.

Information System Briefing Essay

Health care validations are constantly striving to keep up with technological advances in order to provide the best quality patient care imaginable. Success depends on implementing an information dodging that is designed to meet the quality standards set for the wellness care industry. Implementing an information scheme can be a big challenge, which is why choosing an information system that will assist the organization in clash their goals is meaning(a). Including stakeholder input is also indispensable to ensuring the correct system is chosen. This briefing will discuss the cover of selecting and acquiring an information system, how the goals of the organization, and how the stakeholders affect the selection process.Selecting and Acquiring an cultivation SystemThe process for selecting and acquiring an information system has many important steps. One of the first steps the health care organization needs to cabbage is to find out what type of system they need. It is importa nt that the organization chooses the system that best fits the organization. The organization needs to decide first if the system will be built in house, leased from an application service provider or an outside consultant. This will take lots of work and proposalning to get the system up, so that it will run smoothly for the operations.The organization needs to put together a team. This team will be in charge of the budgeting, planning, coordinating, and managing the process of the parvenufangled system. The organization will need to have a visualize leader, information applied science professional, system champion, and those who are in charge of clinical and administrative sections. Those that are chosen for the team should have knowledge and the understanding of the new system. The team needs to decide what goal is for the information system such as, what do they want to achieve, what are the goals, and thateveryone is committed to the project.Organizations Goals Drive the Selection of the development SystemAccording to Wager, Wickham Lee, & Glaser (2009) Health care professionals need access to reliable, complete, and right information in order to provide effective and efficient health care services and to achieve the strategic goals of the organization. The organizations goals should be upheld in all aspects and at each step of the selection, acquisition, and implementation processes. The information system should not be selected until all options are evaluated by cost, benefit, and ample input from draw stakeholders. The concept of formulating a strategy suggests that an organization needs to identify what activities and initiatives they will commit to in order to achieve their mission and goals. For example, an IT project committee may have the goal to combine clinical application systems.In order to succeed choices may need to be made between different options such as a single sign-on option, use of a clinical application suite, or use of a c ommon database (Wager, Wickham Lee, & Glaser, 2009). Health information technology (HIT), if not implemented correctly can be disastrous to the organization. According to Doebbeling and Pekny, PhD (2008) the probability of a successful HIT implementation is greatly increased by a well-characterized, deliberately designed host set of health care processes. Furthermore, expectations of HIT within a health care process must be hard-nosed with respect to benefits and costs. (p. 501).Organizations Stakeholders Play in the Selection and Acquisition Process Each of the stakeholders in an organizations project has roles and expectations. Stakeholders should always participate in project steering committees and lend their skills and knowledge to new ventures. Commonly stakeholders wish to determine the actual and future value of the information system implementation project by way of project status reports and monitoring. Stakeholders can be identified as doctors, nurses, administrators, bu siness managers, and CEOs. Anyone who holds an interest in the success or failure of the organization could be considered to be a stakeholder. Patients are included as stakeholders as well. Especially since the patient is the source of the data to be entered into the informationsystem.Stakeholders are vital to the selection and acquisition processes. In closing of this briefing there has been shown a need to implement a new system. We also see a plan designed to not only implement a new system but also a designed plan to make sure that the system will be adequate for the expected development of this organization. Shown also in this briefing is how the growth of this organization is demanding a growth in the information technology that this organization will need to move forward into the future. The stakeholders influence is also covered in this briefing. Showing the benefit of our stakeholders and examples of these benefits gives proof that the move to a new system is beneficially f or us all.That being said the belief is that a new system is necessary and needs to be implemented soon. Employees have the important part of implementing the changes that will take place. They are to try and show how using the new information system will benefit the organization, and possibly save money. Investors relay race information between the other organizations. The community within which an organization operates shows support to the organization and allows the community to make their decisions, what they want to take place, and what they know about the new technology.ReferencesWager, K. A., Wickham Lee, F., & Glaser, J. P. (2009). Health Care Information Systems A Practical Approach for Health Care Management (2nd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.Doebbeling, B.N., & Pekny, PhD, J. (2008, April). The Role of Systems Factors in Implementing Health Information Technology. Journal of General Internal Medicine (JGIM), 23(4), 500.

Vertical Boundaries

Chapter 10 skillful boundaries Chapter 10 Vertical boundaries Aim of the chapter To infer the factors that influence the ways in which traffics on a vertical chain (value chain) should be/ be locate on the commercialize place brass instrument continuum. breeding objectives On completion of this chapter and the essential course session, you should cast a good understanding of the following terms and concepts execution chatter to political economy strategic calculation. Essential reading Buchanan, D. and A. Huczynski Organizational behaviour an introductory text. (London Prentice H alone, 2008) Chapter 18. Douma, S. nd H. Schreuder Economic progresses to organisations. (London Prentice Hall, 2008). Further reading Besanko, D. , D. Dranove and M. Shanley Economics of strategy. (New York Wiley, 1996). Coase, R. H. The problem of social cost, Journal of lawfulness and Economics 3 1960, pp. 144. Grossman, S. and O. stag The cost and benefits of give birthership a sche me of vertical and lateral integration, Journal of Political Economy 94(4) 1986, pp. 691719. Williamson, O. E. The economics of organization the transaction cost approach, Ameri deal Journal of Sociology 87(3) 1981, pp. 54877. 10. 1 IntroductionAs noted in Chapter 1, we may regard the basic unit in organisational abridgment as an exchange or transaction generated in the division of labour. The division of labour (exogenous/endogenous Chapter 3) creates value or vertical chains for example as shown in Figure 10. 1(a) running from crude oil extraction to the retailing of petroleum products. We in a flash operate at the aim of organisations or pisseds (recognising that at a greater level of disaggregation the points in the chain are also based on chains of the division of labour) and pose the chief as to where their boundaries should be located on the value chain.In fact the picture is commonly more than complex than the one depicted in Figure 10. 1(a). Activities usually dep end on inputs at all points down the vertical chain, as depicted in Figure 10. 1(b). So organisations or market place exchanges could lock and coordinate each of these transactions. Furthermore, some of these inputs may be common to the points on the main chain (see Appendix 1. 2 in this guide), want accounting services, in which case the picture looks more like Figure 10. 1(c). Note the use of di-graphs once again. 91 government supposition an interdisciplinary approach a) Oil extraction Refining Retailing (b) Shipping or pipe Distri justion (c) Accounting Figure 10. 1 In general we are asking the question as to whether a particular transaction should be internalised ( distinguish) or left in the market (buy), as depicted in Figure 10. 2 that is, whether a point on the chain should be a department/ function or division or remain independent. For the moment we restrict our attention to this simple choice rather than the more elaborate posture on the marketorgani sation continuum.We shall return to the more elaborate issue later on. Market (Price machine) Figure 10. 2 Start by asking what the benefits and costs of using the market magnate be. The benefits could include the following Independent firms may be able to reap the benefits of economies of scale (i. e. operate at an output that minimises unit costs) whereas internal departments may not. Unless the firm itself can absorb all the efficient output of the department, it must either operate below the optimal output level or sell on to another firm.This readiness compromise any information advantages of the purchasing firm (see below). Independent firms are more subject to market disciplines than departments and may hold down costs they can control more effectively. Costs may be difficult to identify in departments. Firms might, though, attempt to bend market incentives inside organisations. Tapered integration refers to a situation where a firm is supplied partially by an indepen dent firm and partially by its own department. This grants their relative cost structures to be compared. Independent firms (i. e. their managers) may have stronger incentives to innovate when compared with managers of departments. shaping 92 Chapter 10 Vertical boundaries The costs of using the market might include the following Private information may be leaked to independent firms particularly if there is a need to share technical information. The focal firm becomes to a tip dependent upon an independent supplier (depending upon switching costs).Thus the latter has a proponent resource (see Chapter 6) and may use it to hold up the focal firm. It may prove difficult to control and co-ordinate flows of goods and services down a vertical chain of independent firms. This may be particularly so where there is a need to fit the products closely. Just-intime methods seek to overcome this problem and permit independent firms a great deal with long-term relational fills (see b elow). The way most economists (following Coase and Williamson) call back about the choice amidst a market and organisational exchange/transaction is entirely predictable choose the arrangement that minimises costs. The foot here is to ntroduce the idea of transaction costs the costs involved in making (controlling and co-ordinating) the transaction. They are sometimes referred to as agency costs, and agency efficiency is found where they are minimised.So, if both outturn costs (which relate to technical efficiency) and transaction costs vary between organisational transactions and market transactions, hence the total costs should be minimised. Activity immediately read Sections 8. 1 and 8. 2 in D and S. If you would like to read a slightly more comprehensive economic approach to vertical integration, then read Besanko et al. 1996). In a world of salutaryy informed, rational actors where catching is complete, there are no transaction costs and the choice between market and organisational exchange is of no consequence (at to the lowest degree as conceived at bottom this framework) unless production costs vary (which, again, they should not under the very(prenominal) self-assertions). It is because we relax both the assumptions of adequate rationality and full information in the context of real markets that transaction costs arise and the choice between market and organisational transaction is pertinent.Transaction costs theory is used both in a normative and corroborative sense. The new assumptions are as follows Individual bounded rationality people are by choice rational but limitedly so. Individuals are neither able to make very complex calculations nor to assimilate large amounts of information. As you might expect, sociologists tend to like this assumption they see it as more realistic than the full assumptions of rationality. Opportunism individuals are not only self-interested but behave with guile.For example, in the context of punt theory, individuals testament issue promises which are not credible, make use of asymmetric information and they cannot be wanted. Contracting about transactions is neither because of inherent uncertainty and incomplete information. Contracting can thus lead to ex ante opportunism (namely, adverse selection) and ex post opportunism (namely, moral hazard). These hazards will be exacerbated to the degree that there is little choice of transacting partners and therefore reputations (see Chapter 7) in respect of third parties will not constrain opportunism small numbers exchange. 3 Organisation theory an interdisciplinary approach Anticipated repeated interaction will make reputations important to both parties but if in the process there is knowledge by doing, it is then costly to later switch exchange partner. Williamson (1981) calls this the fundamental transformation it ties the parties into the relationship. Williamson also observes that parties to a transaction might hav e a gustatory sensation for a certain type of transaction in addition to the costs and benefits. He calls this nimbus. In effect Williamson is introducing wider motives/utilities.Although the vocabulary introduced by Williamson is rather frighten off at first sight, it has the advantage that it should link your thoughts into many of the ideas you have already encountered. Activity esteem of transactions as a captives predicament or trust game. Both parties would like to let to contact Pareto efficiency but each is wary of the other and in the absence of some mechanism to offset this wariness, the exchange does not materialise the Nash equilibrium. So what mechanisms are available? You should be able to list the mechanisms.They can be derived as follows. Competitive market the price as a sufficient statistic here the prisoners dilemma does not model the situation. Organisation three possible mechanisms which can give rise the Pareto-efficient outcome rather than the Nash equilibrium are 1. Authority and power. 2. Trust (cultural mechanisms). 3. Repeated transaction and reputation effects. As we have seen in earlier chapters, alongside observe and employment nips (incentives), we expect organisations to avail themselves of a mixture of these mechanisms.But note, if we mobilise in terms of real markets rather than the ideal type of perfect markets, then the price mechanism is not sufficient and perhaps these mechanisms might also apply at different positions on the marketorganisation continuum. We shall return to these matters later. Transaction cost economics embraces not only an unorthodox model of the individual but characterises aspects (dimensions, to use D and Ss terminology) of transactions that impact upon the transaction costs.Activity like a shot read Section 8. 3 in D and S. The argument is that asset specificity (sometimes called relation-specific assets), uncertainty/complexity and frequency of exchange all increase the likelihood th at a transaction will be placed (governed) inside an organisation (that is, make) rather than left to the market (that is, buy). Asset specificity comes in different forms site specificity adjacent sites, usually to economise on transport and communication costs physical asset specificity e. g. pipeline delivering crude oil use assets assets of a particular buyer dedicated to a particular relationship human asset specificity skills dedicated to a particular relationship which would be less valuable elsewhere. 94 Chapter 10 Vertical boundaries So we now have a predictive theory about vertical integration and, incidentally, contracting out. By and large, empirical evidence has supported transaction cost theory particularly the impact of complexity in the context of uncertainty though one should bear in mind what Williamson terms atmosphere.If there are widespread specific preferences for instance, managers might prefer the power implied by organisation this would complica te the picture. Furthermore, other factors might influence the choice between market and organisation. Regulation and taxation can confer advantages in deciding where profits are generated. For instance, taxation might favour small firms, and firms operating across different national tax regimes may perplex it an advantage to contract out. An organisation might vertically integrate to gain a monopoly or go information or to limit the flow of information to competitors (see below).Given all these possibilities, it is perhaps surprising that such strong empirical support for transaction cost theory is found. Appendix 10. 1 in this guide gives a slightly more formal approach to Williamsons reason out. The transaction costs approach still leaves plain-spoken two questions 1. Will the integration, if appropriate, be backwards or forwards? 2. What type of organisation e. g. centralised or decentralised hierarchy? (I leave an answer to this question to Chapter 12. ) An extension of t ransaction costs theory called property rights theory (which is not covered in D and S) provides an answer to the first question.When a transaction is internalised within an organisation, then ownership should (note the normative word) go to the party with the greatest impact upon the post-contractual rents. Activity Although this theory falls beyond this course, you might like to read Grossman and Hart (1986). Property rights theory is essentially a theory of bargaining power. Incomplete contracts mean that residual extra-contractual control of assets is important. Ownership confers bargaining power over useable decisions when enforceable contracts break down.Anticipation of post-contractual hazards determines earlier thronement decisions. We now need to complicate the picture by reintroducing the marketorganisation continuum, as in Figure 10. 3. I use the term continuum with a certain amount of licence as the alternative positions on it vary in a number of respects and could be re sighted. The continuum runs from perfect competition, at one end, to integration or organisation, at the other. The question now is where should a transaction be placed on the continuum?Before respondent this, let us look at what B and H have to say about the issues we have been discussing. 95 Organisation theory an interdisciplinary approach Spot markets (perfect competition) Real markets Bargaining Franchising Long term contracts (network organisations) Tapered organisations Virtual organisations Alliances Joint venture Monopoly (small numbers) Externalities Asymmetric information Fixed cost ( happen to supplier) Risk share-out Cost plus (risk to buyer) Decentralised Integration (up/down) organisation Figure 10. Activity Now read Chapter 18 in B and H. Again, this chapter in B and H is extremely detailed you need to master the main ideas running down the left-hand margin. None of them is inconsistent with anything you have learned from D and S though note that the definition o f vertical integration is in fact backwards vertical integration. Table 16. 3 in B and H gives a good overview of what I have termed the organisationmarket continuum. So let us now return to the continuum see Figure 10. 3 keeping the rich descriptions in B and Hs chapter in mind.First, look at what I have termed real markets. Here we recognise that in the real world the market environment is often far from perfectly competitive. If the transaction is left to the price mechanism, then various market distortions may cave the price as a sufficient statistic. If, for instance, a supplier holds a monopoly, then backwards vertical integration may look attractive to a buyer. Likewise, a buyer might be tempted to vertically integrate backwards in order to acquire information or to reap benefits of vertical synergies (externalities).Long-term contracts (which will inevitably be incomplete) change organisations to engage in a protracted relationship. They often occur between buyers and su ppliers in a vertical chain. D and S introduced the idea of relational contracting (an equivalent term). Remember, whenever you think in terms of contracts you need to think of the incentive, risksharing and information aspects. Fixed-term contracts put the risk of, say, increases in input prices to the supplier on the suppliers back. Cost plus contracts reverse the situation. Between these two extremes, risk-sharing contracts can be designed.If the buyer and supplier have differing risk preferences then, other things creation equal, an optimal contract can be found. Network and practical(prenominal) organisations (see B and H) are usually based upon long-term relational contracts, as are alliances. Joint ventures imply comeliness contribution from both the supplier and buyer. Centralised 96 Chapter 10 Vertical boundaries So the question now is where should a particular exogenously generated (by the division of labour) transaction be placed on the marketorganisation continuum? (T he normative question. Alternatively, where is it placed and why? (The positive questions. ) Transaction cost economics claims to be both normative and positive and answers both questions minimise transaction and production costs But as we have seen, this is only part of the story. Activity Now read Section 9. 8 in D and S. In summary, the choice of the position of any vertical transaction on the marketorganisation continuum may be shaped by economies of scale anticipated information leakage acquiring information transaction costs residual property rights market imperfections regulation.But how are these various strands to be interweave together? Unfortunately there is, as far as I am aware, no embracing theory. B and H introduce you to the concept of bodily strategy and to what many organisation theorists term strategic choice. Although the idea that organisational arrangements designed to control and co-ordinate activities are a matter of choice was first introduced by s ociologists in reaction to an earlier tradition that spoke of determinism often technological determinism we can now see this as an unhelpful distinction.Economists will always speak of choice where changing technology might either enhance or restrict the opportunity set which rational decision-takers face. We might then like to think of technological determinism when for whatever reason, the opportunity comprises a single option. I encourage you to think in these terms even if you want to question the restrictive notion of rationality (see Chapter 1). Activity Now read Chapter 9, particularly Sections 9. 19. 7, in D and S. Sections 9. 1 to 9. 6 of D and S cover issues of strategic formulation that impinge upon organisation theory but are more often encountered in courses on management theory.You will benefit from reading them but they are not central to this unit. The central idea in management theory concerns the sources of what is termed back uped competitive advantage (SCA) . Why do some firms/organisations manage to sustain a better performance than their competitors, eon operating in the same markets? Statistics tend to suggest that this is a common experience in many markets. Firms often earn above-average returns (loosely rents) on their assets over relatively extended periods of time. The assumption is that they have some characteristics (but which? that their competitors find it difficult to replicate or improve upon, at least during the time in which the advantage is sustained. From an organisational theory point of view the question to ask is are there ways of organising which can confer SCA? Notice that when an organisation possesses a competitive advantage, for whatever reason, then this implies that perfect competition is not operating. In so far as those running organisations seek SCA, they are nerve-wracking to undermine 97 Organisation theory an interdisciplinary approach competitive forces.The early sections of D and Ss chapter show h ow game theory is an native tool in studying competitive strategies. 10. 2 Vertical contracting and strategic choice Consider a transaction between B and S, as in Figure 10. 4. The problem is to design a contractual relationship to gain any possible rents. In terms of competitive advantage this amounts to placing the transaction on the marketorganisation continuum more effectively than the competition. Assume that there is need for relation-specific assets and a complete contract cannot be signed because of inherent uncertainties.Suppose now that B would like to persuade S to make the relation-specific investment. Ss ex ante problem is that in the absence of trust and credible promises, s/he anticipates that, once the investment is made, B will take advantage of the situation. S anticipates that B will always be able, once the contract is entered into, to find contingencies not covered by the contract. By making the investment, S in effect confers bargaining power upon B who may e ven use this power to renegotiate the original contract (attempt to reduce the price of the good or service exchanged).S will then anticipate these moral hazards and accordingly not invest the transaction will fail and both S and B will be less well off than they could be. Thinking in terms of the (for the moment, one-shot) prisoners dilemma, S and B find a Nash equilibrium rather than the Pareto-efficient outcome. So what can be done to achieve the Pareto superior outcome? S Figure 10. 4 B Some possibilities (neither exclusive nor exhaustive) are B makes the relation-specific investment (but then B confers bargaining power to S) B nd S make a joint investment an alliance or joint venture S continues to make the investment but enters into a long-term contract with B (note that relation-specific investments tend to imply long-term relationships in the first place) forward or backward integration (here non-market incentives/ monitoring/authority/power/culture achieve the move fro m the Nash equilibrium to the Pareto outcome). But let us continue to assume that B wants to find a non-integration solution and still to encourage S to make the costly upfront relation-specific investment.S/he might do this in the recognition that S, as an independent organisation, may be relatively small, flexible and focused. S, furthermore, may be driven by a more entrepreneurial spirit than if it were to be a division or department in Bs bureaucracy. An independent S may be more innovative. Also small organisations tend to have lower labour costs (production costs). If so, then both S and B can benefit. The strategic problem is whether or not the transaction costs (ex ante and ex post) can be kept down while reaping these potential advantages.To offset Ss anticipated moral hazard problems, B needs to search for ways of reducing her/his own and increasing Ss relative bargaining power. To the degree that this proves possible, the strategy will offset Ss anticipated moral hazards . B needs to make her/himself more dependent upon S before the contract is signed. One notable way s/he can secure this is to decentralise some design and innovation responsibilities to S. B now becomes partially dependent 98 Chapter 10 Vertical boundaries upon S. Furthermore, B can commit not only to a long-term contract but also to relatively unconditional contract renewal.These strategies do of course put B at some risk. But since we are thinking in terms of incentives to transact, you should by now recognise that risk-sharing is another aspect of the possible contracts between S and B that can be subjected to strategic reasoning. Not unreasonably, I think, assume that S is risk-averse and B is risk-neutral. So S will accept a reduction in rent in order to reduce his/her risk and, relatively speaking, B will be prepared to shoulder more risk. So, a risksharing, long-term contract can conceivably lead to a Pareto improvement. Think in terms of post-contractual price negotiation.Wi th a fixed-cost contract any increase in Ss costs will have to be borne by S. S will be reluctant to sign such a contract. With a cost-plus contract, on the other hand, B will bear all the risks of Ss cost increases. Furthermore, S will have no incentives to hold costs down nor, perhaps more importantly, to innovate in order to reduce costs. Clearly, B wants S both to innovate and, where possible, to hold down costs. It is not in Bs interests to take the risk from S and undermine these incentives. How can s/he provide appropriate incentives while reducing Ss risks and in so doing make the contract interesting to S?What B needs to do is to accept those risks of cost increases which S cannot control while making S responsible for those s/he can control a tricky business. B needs to know the nature of Ss cost structure (an information problem no problem with full information but with information asymmetry it is another story) before s/he can achieve this. Of course, integration might dispel this problem but then we encounter the bureaucratic losses mentioned above. What can B do? Go back to your principalagent model (see Chapter 4). We can regard B as a principal and S as an agent.P (B) can acquire information by having more than one agent (S) operating in the same environment (in practice this is not easy). This is called multiple sourcing. It could be achieved by either multiple external sourcing or having an in-house comparator (tapered sourcing). But, of course, one needs to ask whether Bs sourcing requirements are of sufficient magnitude to reap any economies of scale across the multiple sources. If not, would it be sensible from an information leakage point of view to allow the sourcing organisation to sell to other organisations on the open market?If B has decentralised design to S then this might prove hazardous. As we have observed, long-term relationships (see Chapter 8) can invoke trust and reputation effects. Traditionally it was assumed that one of the advantages of integration into an organisation derives from the repeated interaction effects. B and S being in the same organisation, they repeatedly interact and, indeed, they will assume that there is a high enough probability that they will once again interact in the future. Thus prudent calculation can overcome the moral hazards in incomplete contracting.In game-theoretic terms B and S may play TFT (the household theorem). B may also wish to protect her/his reputation for fair play. In short, an organisation can control and co-ordinate vertical relations by cultural means. However, long-term contracts with a continuation clause also produce repeated interaction (the Japanese were largely responsible, in the 1980s, for recognising this) and, thus, reputation and trust can be generated at other points on the marketorganisation continuum. Cultural mechanisms can operate outside formal organisations.If B and S can trust each other not to behave opportunistically, then the ad vantages of Ss independence and reduced transaction costs can be realised. 99 Organisation theory an interdisciplinary approach Finally, reverting to an extended value chain where Ss suppliers are also brought into the picture, we obtain the situation as in Figure 10. 5. R S B Price and market > > R S B Long-term contracts > > R S B Organisation twain of co-ordination = 3 > > Figure 10. Should the whole chain be co-ordinated by integration (span of coordination) or perhaps co-ordinated by long-term contracts, etc.? If the latter, should B contract with S and R or should B contract with S and S with R? In either case we have examples of network organisation and even virtual organisation if the relationships are mediated by modern information technology. The strategic complexion of these sorts of organisation is little understood. Why dont you have a go I hope this section has given you some appreciation of how to analyse organisation choices from a genuinely st rategic point of view.Much of the above reasoning can be underpinned from a game-theoretic standpoint. This further supports my earlier contention that modern organisation theory often requires a knowledge of strategic thinking and game theory. A reminder of your learning outcomes On completion of this chapter and the essential reading, you should have a good understanding of the following terms and concepts transaction cost economics strategic calculation. Sample examination question 1. Explain why a transaction should be placed in a market or an organisation. century

Passion for Fashion Essay

Fashion plays an important role in the daily life of every individual. It starts with deciding what to wear, how to wear it, and so forth. Imagine the world without fashion. Not a nice one is it? Every individual owes admiration to those behind-the-scenes people who are responsible for making the world so fashionable one in particular a fashion marketer. A career as a Fashion Marketer is an interesting career filled with nothing but fashion, adventure, and excitement. being a Fashion Marketer is an exhilarating yet not so subtle career. It is a marketers gambol to promote fashion. They want to generate the publics interest in new styles and products. Fashion marketing involves advertising, but it is more than that. Fashion marketers cast off to be on the cutting edge endorsing the right things at the right cadence. They pertain the public with the world of fashion, and they help set trends (Stone 4).To work in this field an individual will have to have the assured characteristics neededA persons job should reflect their temper and display the persons characteristics. In the fashion industry there are many personalities, many of them being egotistical ones. Enthusiasm, flexibility, and a positive attitude are essential characteristics necessary to find success in the retail industry. (Retail Marketing Careers.) A person can also apply his or her basic skills much(prenominal) as computer literacy, working well with people and a strong work ethic to the table when applying for a career in Fashion Marketing. Generally glisten travel is required to work in marketing retail. Stress and a little commitment and overtime are involved, however, nothing to extreme. This allows workers to spend more time with their families. On a daily basis a person may come across an individual who is arrogant and discourteous, but this can happen at any job. Those working in retail also have more time to become involved in the community. It is not simple and not in any case comp lex becoming a Fashion Marketer or working in the marketing field as long as it fits with the individuals personality.Of course, everyone knows nowadays a high school diploma means nothing anymore. College degrees, training or any certification subsequent to high school is mandatory for success. To become a fashion marketer one would needto major in Fashion Merchandising or Marketing and minor in business fields such as accounting, business administration, or marketing just to develop the business aspect of the Fashion Merchandising field. An individual can receive an Associates degree, Bachelors degree or Masters depending on the individual. Schools offering the Fashion Merchandising program are predominantly in New York and California however, local community colleges and universities should not be overlooked. Other universities known to offer the program are University of MD Eastern Shore Morgan State University F.I.T. (Fashion Institute of Technology) and AIP (Art Institute of P hiladelphia).Some courses required to achieve in this field are accounting, business law, psychology, merchandising, advertising and promoting, and entrepreneurship, and Intro to fashion (Stone 6-8). Although having a degree is not a bare necessity to get into the fashion industry, it helps to have one so opportunities will always be available. Having a degree will also improve ones salaryA fashion marketers salary ranges on experience and knowledge. more than often it is how much experience a person has rather than his or her knowledge. Salaries for beginners start as low as $15,000-29,000 a year depending on the business enterprise (Retail). As ones experience or knowledge increases so do the wages. At an intermediate level the salary starts anywhere from $33,873-76,450 a year. At the executive or advanced level salaries range from $84,923-119,140 a year. Location is the key when deciding on what occupation fits ones criteria because the location also determines ones salary (Adv ertising).The outlook on careers in fashion marketing and any career in fashion overall is expected to grow more slowly than average through 2014 (Retail). Sluggish job growth may be due to the new prominence of discount stores, super centers and warehouse stores, offering cut-rate clothing without the frills and fancy store displays of high-end part stores. The Internet may also cut into sales. However, even with lethargic job growth, basic retailing jobs should still be relatively easy to find, simply because this is a very large field with a high turnover rate (Retail). And top level marketing jobs will be extremely competitive no matter how fast the business is growing. It is really all about location. Know what works and do not let salaries determine your career. Go with what suits your personality best. kit and caboodle CitedAdvertising, Marketing, Promotions, Public Relations, and Sales Managers. http//www.bls.gov. 04 Aug. 2006. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. 22 Aug. 2007 .Retail Marketing Careers. www.Careeroverview.Com. 24 Apr. 2007 .Stone, Elaine. The Dynamics of Fashion. 2nd Ed. New York Fairchild Publications Inc., 2004. 04-10.

Problems and Aspirations of Youth Essay

Abstract ruffianly crimes such as murder, armed robbery, kidnapping and terrorism argon the most inhumane crimes that continue to chivvy Nigeria. Lately, kidnappings for ransom and terrorism sport taken the centre stage leading to bloodshed and economic set -backs. The causes argon not farfetched as studies obligate associated rising y show uph unemployment to the increase in cherry crimes. By using the deprivation theory proposed by Ted Gurr, this study has explored the proximate and ultimate causes involving the jejunenesss in violent crimes. If factors that create the feeling of deprivation and frustration created by unemployment be addressed, Nigerias juvenilitys lead not engage in violent crimes.Keywords Youth unemployment p all overty power play crimeIntroductionCreativity and high energy are the characteristics of adolescent citizenry in any nation and if the energy is channelled positively, it will greatly return not only the economic prosperity of nations but a lso enhance the moral values of the youth. When the same energy is used negatively, it will lead to complaisant unrest and economic instability. Labour force of a province is used to measure unemployment and Feyisetan (1991) defines as a set of the great unwashed or citizens of a country who are willing and are able to make available at any given point in time their efforts for gainful employment.Therefore unemployment is a situation where throng are willing to puzzle out but could not get hold employment. According to the International Labour Organization people who are without work but available for and seekin g work including those who engender lost jobs and those who return voluntarily left jobs (World Bank, 1998). On the other hand, violent crime is defined as a crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim. This entails fury including robbery with and without arms (Wikipedia, 2010).Global unemployment remained stable at 8% between 2 010 and 2011, according to Gallup surveys of 148 countries. Unemployment was highest in the Middle East and noneth Africa (22%) and sub-Saharan Africa 17% (Marlar, 2012). However, Nigerias unemployment tramp is above the sub-regions average that increased to 23.9% in 2011 compared with 21.1% in 2010 and 19.7% in 2009 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2012) and is projected to hit 25% by the end of 2012 (USA Embassy in Nigeria, 2012).According to the National Bureau of Statistics (2009238 20102 2012), the national unemployment respect for Nigeria between 2000 and 2011 showed that the number of inactive persons constituted 31.1% in 2000 and it fastend to 11.9% in 2005 but again increased to 23.9% in 2011. Nigeria has a youth population of 80 million, representing 60% of the good population with a growth rate of 2.6% per course of instruction and the national demography suggests that the youth population remains vibrant with an average yearly entrant to the labour force is 1.8m be tween 2006 and 2011. Yet, majority of the youth has been either unemployed or under -employed between 2006 and 2011. The overall unemployment rose from 12.3% of Labour force to 23.9% (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010). A surge in unemployment was witnessed in 2009 due to global/local economic meltdown. The World Bank estimates that 74 million people between the ages of 15 and 24 are unemployed, which accounts for 41% of all unemployed person s (UNHabitat, 2008).From 1990-2000 youth unemployment data showed that the largest group of the unemployed were secondary school graduates. Also, 40% of unemployment rate were among urban youths aged 20 24 and 31% of the rate were among those aged 15-19. Two-thirds of the urban unemployed ranged from 15-24 long time old. Moreover, the educated unemployed tended to be young males with few dependents (Okafor, 2011). In 2011, the situation became even more critical with 37.7% of Nigerians aged 15-24 and 22.4% of those between ages 25-44 were willing t o work but did not get jobs. On average, youth unemployment rate in Nigeria is 46.5% in 2011 (BLG, 2012). As of 2009 when National Bureau of Statistics published unemployment rate at 19.7%, Issa Aremu the Deputy President of the National Labour Congress said, Find out about the number of people who applied for the last recruitment by the Nigeria Immigration Service and the Customs Service.When more than a hundred thousand people apply for just about 3000 va thronecies, then you should know whether the figures are true (Ekott, 2010). Unemployment appears to be the root cause o f madness in Nigeria. seek suggests that unemployed youths are dis simileately more likely to be perpetrators, as well as victims of crime and violence (Okafor, 2011). The growing gap between the thick and poor affects the society done increased violence. The self employed are in quandary as scant infrastructure makes it impossible for them to ply their slew (Okafor, 2011). This is exac erbated by politica l corruption, beggary, poor governance, increase population, and overlook of policy initiatives and implementation to slightly extent encouraged criminal groups to thrive across Nigeria. This paper examines how youth unemployment contributes to violent crimes across Nigeria.Deprivation Theory of Ted GurrThis classical theory explains why people engage in violence (riots, rebellion, coups, criminal activities etc.). It examines the psychological causes involving frustration and hostility as the primary source of human capacity for violence. licking is neither necessary nor sufficient ly leads to violence but greed may drive to violence. Frustration is a much stronger motivating force and prolonged frustration may cause greater probability for aggression. Relative deprivation is the discrepancy between what people think they be and what they actually think they can get (Gurr, 1970).It is noteworthy that Gurr does not look to a more absolute or objective exponent of deprivation a s the source of violence. People can get used to a bad state of affairs, even one that offers so little approaching to life-sustaining resources that members of the group are starving or dying of remediable diseases or exposure. However, if on that point is a significant d iscrepancy between what they think they deserve and what they think they will get, there is a likelihood of rebellion. Gurr posits this to be the case because there is a feeling that their expectation cannot be met if the current statuesque is maintained. The depression situation may be a desperate one, but it is the se cond that will be frustrating. So frustration produces aggression at individual, group and social take aims.This theory could be used to link rising number of unemployed youths and violent crimes in Nigeria. A country that produce thousands of university graduate every year without commensurate employment opportunities may be creating a fertile ground for a feeling of frustration among these u nemployed graduates. Naturally, there is a feeling of rejoicing and great expectations when a student graduates from a university- these expectations gradually fades away and is replaced by feeling of frustration after some years of joblessness caused by little fortune the society offers the young graduate. As frustration prolongs and the feeling of deprivation of what that is expected increases, there is a greater probability that the individual or people can resort to illegitimate activities in order to actualise their expectations in the society.The rise in violent crimes (robbery, kidnapping, thuggery, terrorism) committed by youths is a sign of gap in the society. The society already has expectations for individuals and established means of achieving them. When the means are limited as the youth unemployme nt is 46.5% in 2011, people are forced to achieve the goals by illegal means to fulfil societal expectations. Kidnappings are on the increase across Nigeria and the unempl oyed youths view the business lucrative.They are available for recruitment by p oliticians. In the Northern part, they are recruited both by politicians and religious groups to be used in political, religious and terrorism acts. In the SW Nigeria, they find easy employment in petty criminal activities. The culture moldiness at least accept , if not approve, violent action as a means to an end. This could be the reason why suicide bombing is exclusive to the Northern part of the country as violence is encouraged by some Islamic sects. Political violence is also likely if the current leadershi p and or the socio-economic and political system are seen as illegitimate.Causes of Youth Unemployment in NigeriaThe level of unemployment is highly dependent on the overall status of the economy (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010). Despite its riches from o il economy, employment in Nigeria is actually falling. The years of corruption, well-bred war, military rule, and mismanagement take hold hind ered economic growth. Nigeria is endowed with diverse and infinite resources, both human and material but years of neglige nce and adverse policies have led to the under-utilization of these resources. These resources have not been effectively utilized in order to yield maximum economic benefits. These are primary causes of unemployment however s cholars have identified other causes of unemployment as well ( Adebayo, 1999 Alanana, 2003 Echebiri, 2005 Ayinde, 2008 Morphy, 2008 Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010 and Anyadike et al, 2012) .The first is population growth (140,431,790 as per 2006 census) and is projected to be over 1 80 million by 2020 if the annual growth rate of 3.2% continues (National nation Commission and ICF Macro, 2009). While the population increases, the number of industries growth is dwindling and if nothing serious is done, both population and unemployme nt will continue to rise. The second is outdated school curricula and lack of employable skills Some scholars ha ve argued that as far as the formal sector is concerned, the average Nigerian graduate is not employable therefore, does not possess the skill s needed by the employers (Anyadike et al, 2012). This is due to the curricula of most Nigerian schools that do not accommodate entrepreneur skill acquisition to benefit job seekers.The third is adoption of untimely economic policy measures that contributed to the demise of small scale and cottage industries operated in both formal and informal sectors. Following the introduction of Structural Adjustment Program in September 1986 that ushered in liberalization, deregulation and devaluation program of the domes tic currency, many of the develop domestic firms collapsed that resulted in serious job losses (Bello, 2003). The fourth is over emphasis on university certificates and neglect of skill acquisition trainings that contributes to youth unemployment. According to Manning and Junankar (1998), the total number of graduates produced in Nige ria was 73,339 in 1986/1987 that rose to 131,016 in 1996/1997. Over 97 universities occur in Nigeria with a demand for higher education while there is problem of unemployment. The reality is that the economy does not have the capacity to absorb all unemployed graduates because over 800 industries and 37 factories were closed down in 2009 only if (Anyadike et al, 2012).Nigerias Unemployment and CrimesSecurity is a contextual issue which no state in the international system consigns to the periphery it is a core-value that makes the state relevant in the international system (Ndifon, et al. 2012). Death rate attributable to violence in Africa is estimated at 60.9 per 100,000 p eople more than twice the global rate (WHO 2004a). Crime and violence have been increasing in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa among unemployed young people. The causes are not farfetched as studies have associated rising youth unemployment to increase of violent crime in Nigeria. The accelerating level of pros titution, armed robbery, rape, terrorism and all facets of violence can be largely attributed to the incidence of unemployment. Growth has not been in line with the aspirations of the people and has not been driven by higher productivity. The public perception is that there has been little job creation. Many young people who fail to gain employment have become a burden to the employed that bear the responsibility of meeting the needs of millions of educated but increasing frustrated group, a wasting generation.The problem of violent crimes in Nigeria has been exacerbated by the high rate of unemployment and economic hardship which has pushed many jobless youths some of whom are graduates into various deadly crimes (Edward, 2011). A 2009 World Bank report on Employment and Growth, warned that, The share of young people between the ages of 15 and 24 outside the labour force is growing, despite the countrys strong growth performance over the years. Mass sacking in the exchange Bank of Nigeria affected 7,500 banking jobs (Allafrica, 2010). The UN-Habitat study on crimes and violence stressed that socio -economic inequality and the lack of opportunities for social advancement and employment are some of th e root causes of crime and violence. Children and youth from disadvantaged families are vulnerable to fall prey to criminal networks. Of the estimated 1 billion people living in slums, over half are under the age of 25, and 40% are estimated to be under the age of 19.They are the primary victims of social exclusion through unemployment, lack of access to health and education (UN -Habitat, 2008). Furthermore, an empirical survey of Children and Youth in Organized Armed Violence in Nigeria, reported that disenchantment and frustration of young people due to mass poverty and unemployment, has increased the number of aggrieved youths and resulted in the emergence of area boys and Almajiris who target the very society that alienated them (Ibrahim, 2006). The survey c ogitate that armed militant groups in Nigeria namely Bakassi Boys, O odua Peoples Congress (OPC) and Egbesu Boys were made up of youths within 16 17 years (40%), 18 19 years (10%), 20 21 years (20%), and 20 23 years (20%). Approximately 60% of them were unemployed (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010).Bennel (2000) argued that urban society is becoming increasingly criminalized, especially with the proliferation of youth gangs. Neither homes, nor markets are safe in Nigeria because of frequent o ccurrence of armed robbery incidents. Unemployment problem, which now seems beyond remedy, has produced army of idle hands and some of them have decided to punish the society that fails to provide them with means of livelihood and dignity by robbing its members of their property at gunpoint (Ideyi, 2005). The police cannot perform effectively because they are overstretched by the amount of cases that awaits them daily, and is worsened by outdated instruments they use that are no match to the mo dern sophisticated weapons used by the criminals. The Research director of the Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG), Dr Sope Wiliams Elegbe revealed thatThe increasing poverty in Nigeria is accompanied by increasing unemployment. Unemployment is higher in the nort h than in the south. alloy this situation with radical Islam, which promises a better life for martyrs, and you can understand the growing violence in the north. Government statistics show that the northern states have the highest proportion of uneducated persons. If you link a lack of education and attendant lack of opportunities to a high male youth population, you can imagine that some areas are actually a breeding ground for terrorism (Oxford Research Group, 2012). The Inspector General of Police, Muhammed Abubakar, has called on the three tiers of government to tackle unemployment in order to reduce crime rate in the country. He expressed concern at the rate youths were resorting to crime as an alternative means of survival due to unemploymentWe have a lot of graduates and even those who have not attended any school who have nothing to do. It becomes worrisome, when you go round this country and you see the faces of unemployed persons. You begin to wonder that we just have to do what we have to do at the level of federal, state and local governments to begin to plan and put policies in place for the employment of these persons. (Cruise news, 2012)ConclusionNo nation can achieve growth in an atmosphere of violent crimes. The role of Nigerias government must include the formulation of policies and laws that could help improve the economic and social wellbeing of its citizens and deter criminality. There is a need to increase jobs through small enterprises and poverty alleviation schemes. Economic gr owth in Nigeria is not the only solution to curb unemployment as the official statistics illustrate that previous unemployment did not decline economic growth. another(prenominal) solutions such as the provision of right skills to youth should be given an importance. The study concludes that feeling of deprivation produce frustration and could be expressed through aggression. Therefore if factors that are responsible for youth unemployment in Nigeria are addressed, violent crimes will be reduced. destinationsAdebayo A (1999). Youth Unemployment and National Directorate of Employment self Employment Programmes. Niger. J. Econ. And Soc. Stud. 41(1) 81-102. Alanana OO (2003). Youth Unemployment in Nigeria Some Implications for the Third Millennium. Global J. Soc. Sci. 2(1)21-26.Anyadike Nkechi, Emeh Ikechukwu EJ and Ukah Finian Okechukwu (2012). 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The Root Cause of Violence in Nigeria The Niger Delta Crisis, a Reference PointManning, C. & Junankar, P.N. (1998). Choosy Youth or Unwanted Youth A Survey of Unemployment. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 34(1), 55-93. Marlar Jenny, (2012). Global Unemployment at 8% in 2011. Retrieved from http//www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http//www.gallup.com/poll/153884/global une mployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+S aharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJMorphy R. (2008). Nigeria Youth Unemployment, Poverty a date Bomb for Country. Leadership, Wednesday, 27 AugustNational Bureau of Statistics. (2009). Social Statistics in Nigeria. Abuja The NBS Publication. Retrieved from www.nigerianstat.gov.ngNational Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Statistical News Labor Force Statistics No. 476. Abuja The NBS Publication. Retrieved from www.nigerianstat.gov.ngNational Bureau of Statistics, (2012). Labour Force Statistics. 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Enthalpy of formation of calcium carbonate Essay

Objective To de margeine the hydrogen of organic law of atomic number 20 carbonate Procedures A. Reaction of calcium with dilute hydrochloric window glass 1. 1. 0909 g of calcium metal was weighed aside accurately. 2. 100 cm3 of approximately 1 M hydrochloric acid was pipetted. and situated in a fictile beaker. 3. The initial temperature of the acid was determined 4. The weighed calcium was added into the acid and randy thoroughly with the thermometer until all the metal had reacted. 5. The maximum temperature attained by the solution was recorded. 6. The experiment was repeated with 1. 0538g calcium metal. Results Experiment no. 1 2. weed of Ca used/ g 1. 0909 1. 0538 Initial temp. of solution/ ? 27 26 final temp. of solution/ ? 55 52 Temperature change/ ? 28 26 Calculations and Discussion 1. What does the term screw up of formation of a substance mean? Heat of formation refers to the heat change when angiotensin-converting enzyme mole of a substance is formed from its po rtion elements is their tired states under standard conditions. 2. What are standard conditions for thermochemical calculations? Standard conditions is defined as elements or compounds appear in their normal physical states at a pressure of 1 atm (101325 Nm-2/760mmHg) and at temperature of 25 oC (298 K).Moreover, the solution should have unit activity(1mol dm-3 ). 3. salve the equation for the formation of calcium carbonate under standard conditions. (Call this Equation 1) Ca(s) + C(s) + 3/2 O2(g) CaCO3(s) 4. Write an ionic equation for the process taken place. (Call this Equation 2) Ca(s) + 2H+(aq. ) ? Ca2+(aq. ) + H2(g) 5. Assuming (a) the solution in the plastic beaker has the kindred unique(predicate) heat capacity as water, i. e. , 4. 2 kJg-1K-1 and (b) density of the acid is the same as that of water, i. e. , 1. 0 g cm-3.Calculate, in each experiment, the heat change in the reaction among the calcium and the acid per gram of calcium. For the first experiment ?Energy ev olved by the reaction= Energy absorbed by the acid ?By E = mc? T, ?H per gram of calcium = (100/1000)(4200)(28)/ 1. 0909 = -10780J g-1 = -10. 780kJ g-1 For the second experiment ?Energy evolved by the reaction= Energy absorbed by the acid ?By E = mc? T, ?H per gram of calcium = (100/1000)(4200)(26)/ 1. 0538 = -10362J g-1 = -10. 362kJ g-1 6. Calculate the average heat evolved by one mole of calcium.For the first experiment?H per one mole of calcium =(100/1000)(4200)(28)/ 1. 0909/40. 08 =-432066 J mol-1 =-432. 066 kJ mol-1 For the second experiment ?H per one mole of calcium =(100/1000)(4200)(26)/ 1. 0538/40. 08 =-415329 J mol-1 =-415. 329 kJ mol-1 Average ? H per one mole of calcium (? Hx) =(432. 066 +415. 329)/2 =-423. 698 kJ mol-1 7. Why is the exact concentration of the hydrochloric acid unimportant? Approximate concentration of hydrochloric acid is non considered as one of the faults. In the reactions, limiting agents, i. e. calcium and calcium carbonate, mustiness be reacted completely.Only these matter in the reaction but not the amount of H+(aq) provided in hydrochloric acid. Indeed, the concentration of the hydrochloric acid simply affects the rate of the reaction. Therefore the exact concentration of hydrochloric acid is unimportant provided that there is enough H+(aq) to react with limiting agents completely. 8. Should we measure the volume of acid with a measuring cylinder? Why? The measuring cylinder should not be used to measure the volume of acid. This is because the heat absorbed by the acid must be counted when calculating the heat change of the reaction.As the acid has very high specific heat capacity, the errors in calculating the heat change of the reaction will be very significant if the heat absorbed by acid is not taken into account. Thus, the volume of acid should be obtained accurately to support into E=mc? T in order to reason the heat absorbed by the acid accurately. As the scale of the measuring cylinder is farthermost from acc urate, the pipette should be used instead. B. Reaction of calcium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid 1. 3. 0940g of dry powdered calcium carbonate was weighed out accurately and placed directly into a clean dry plastics cup.2. 100 cm3 of approximately 1 M hydrochloric acid was pipetted into an another(prenominal) beaker. 3. The acid was poured on the carbonate in the plastic beaker. 4. The solution was stirred briskly with the thermometer and the maximum temperature reached by the solution. was recorded. 5. The experiment was repeated with 2. 7400g of dry powdered calcium carbonate. Results Experiment no. 1 2 Mass of CaCO3 used/ g 3. 0940 2. 7400 Initial temp. of solution/ ? 26 25 final temp. of solution/ ? 28 27 Temperature change/ ? 2 2 Calculations and Discussion 1. Write an ionic equation for the reaction taken place.(Call this Equation 3) CO32-(aq. ) + 2 H+(aq. ) ? CO2(g) + H2O(l) 2. Calculate the average heat evolved by one mole of calcium carbonate. (Making the same assu mptions as in Part A) For the first experiment ?Energy evolved by the reaction= Energy absorbed by the acid ?By E = mc? T, ?H per mole of calcium carbonate = (100/1000)(4200)(2)/(3. 0940/(40. 08+12. 01+163) =840 /(3. 0940)/(100. 09) =-27174 J mol-1 =-27. 174 kJmol-1 For the second experiment ?Energy evolved by the reaction= Energy absorbed by the acid ?By E = mc? T, ?H per mole of calcium carbonate = (100/1000)(4200)(2)/(2.7400/(40. 08+12. 01+163) =840 /(2. 7400)/(100. 09) =-30685 J mol-1 =-30. 685 kJmol-1 Average ? H per one mole of calcium (? Hy) =(27. 174 +30. 685)/2 =-29. 080kJ mol-1 3. Draw an energy-cycle linking Equations 1, 2 and 3 together, you must include reactions that had not been performed in the experiment. 2H+(aq. ) +Ca(s) + C(s) + 3/2 O2(g) CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq. ) ?Hx ? Hy Ca2+(aq. ) + H2(g) + C(s) + 3/2 O2(g) Ca2+(aq. ) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 4.. Besides your experimental results, what other education do you need to enable you to calculate the heat of formation of calcium carbonate?Look up these necessary data from any suitable source. The enthalpy change of formation of water -286 kJ mol-1 The enthalpy change of formation of carbon dioxide -393 kJ mol-1 5. Calculate the heat of formation of calcium carbonate. ?H? f CaCO3(s) =? Hx +? H? f CO2(g) +? H? f H2O(l) -? Hy =-423. 698-393-286+29. 080 =-1073. 6 kJ mol-1 6. As far as you can, list out the major sources of inaccuracy in the experiment and suggest ways to improve them whenever possible. Sources of error Heat loss to surrounding by evaporation, conduction and radiation.-The thermometer absorbed some energy. The specific heat capacity and the density of the solution are not very the same as those of the water. -Some of the samples failed to dissolve completely? The reading of the thermometer is not accurate enough. -The experiment was not exactly carried out under standard conditions. -Some heat was gained by the gases, a considerable amount of heat is loss to surroundings when the gases ar e releasing. -The lid covering the plastic cups cannot prevent heat loss efficiently. -Heat capacities of plastic cups and thermometer were ignored.-The samples were not pure calcium and pure calcium carbonate due to air oxidation and reaction with moisture in air. Improvements -Use the vacuum flask calorimeter with a bobsleigh stopper instead of the polystyrene foam cup -Use a more accurate reading thermometer (e. g. Beckmann thermometer) Find out the specific heat capacity of other materials other than water. -Use sand paper to remove the oxide layer on calcium metal. -Use powdered calcium instead of the granules in order to increase the rate of reaction ,so that the heat loss to the surroundings can be reduced7. State the law which you have used in order to answer Question (5). The heat of formation of calcium carbonate cannot be determined directly by calorimetric experiments as there are several experimental difficulties -The extent of the reaction cannot be controlled -Heat evolved cannot be separated into appropriate terms -Direct combustion of calcium can be violent -Side reactions may arise, for example, 2Ca(s) + O2(g) 2CaO(s) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) Then ,Hesss Law is applied to calculate the heat of formation of calcium carbonate.Hesss law states that the energy change for any chemical or physical process is nonparasitic of the pathway or number of steps required to complete the process provided that the final and initial reaction conditions are the same. In other news programs, an energy change is path independent, tho the initial and final states being of importance. This path independence is true for all state functions 8. State the law which you have used in order to answer Question (7) depends? Why is this principle useful? The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be changed from one form to another.In order to achieve the answer, Hesss law is used. Hesss law states that the total entha lpy change of a reaction is independent of the route by which the reaction takes place. In other words, the standard enthalpy change of a reaction depends on the diversitys in standard enthalpy between the reactants and the products. It means that the enthalpy of the reaction system is conserved. As the absolute enthalpy of a substance is not possible to be determined and only the difference between reactants and products can be measured experimentally.This law helps us to define the standard enthalpy change of a reaction. Conclusion The enthalpy of formation of calcium carbonate is -1073. 6kJ mol-1.Reference http//hk. knowledge. yahoo. com/question/? qid=7006100200879 http//hk. knowledge. yahoo. com/question/question? qid=7007111800043 http//www. answers. com/8. %09Should+we+measure+the+volume+of+acid+with+a+measuring+cylinder%3F+Why%3F http//hk. search. yahoo. com/search/kp? ei=UTF-8&p=word%E6%89%93%E5%88%86%E7%B7%9A&rd=r1&fr2=tab-web&fr=FP-tab-web-t F. 6 Chemistry Notes Section III by Ms Sin W L.

Fortu Powercell GmbH Case

Nowadays, it is critical for the companies of many industries to pay a stagger of attention and efforts on the management of applied science and groundwork. Indeed, the ripening of sensitive technologies is a authority source of competitive reinforcement and the ability of the companies to innovate and/or to respond to competitors innovation determine their survival in a long-term basis. This ability is more or less pauseed in companies, regarding their maturity and their structure.Most of the start-ups, which usually function as adhocracies, have a legal ability to innovate scarce struggle to bring these innovations to the merchandise. fortu mogulcell GmbH represents a typical example of a start-up with a promising technology offering a lot of possibilities, a new type of battery, but which does non know what strategical direction to take in order to achieve long-term profitability.Studying its bunk would the occasion for us to present several c at oncepts that mana gers in fields where technology and innovation matter need to embrace if they want to take relevant strategic decisions. We are going to start our analysis with a quick re approximationer of the field, what are the critical points to keep in mind before to present almost considerations relative to the work of several experts, researchers in the management of technology and innovation. Finally, we give conclude with some suggestions for the executive team of fortu Powercell.It would help us to answer adequately to the questions of fortu Powercells executive team. Another work we would like to quote is the work of Christensen on churning innovation. To summarize, we can differentiate two type of innovation sustaining and disruptive. A sustaining innovation targets demanding, high-end customers with better performance than what was previously available. A disruptive innovation consists in the introduction of a harvest-feast, a service which is not as replete(p) as currently avail able point of intersections but compensates thanks to its simplicity, its convenience, its low cost which would appeal new or less-demanding clients.Thus we distinguish two types of disruptive innovations, the new-market disturbance and the low-end disruption. The first wholeness is competing with non-consumption, at the beginning, before pulling out customers out of the mainstream market into the one because of the convenience of the product/service. The second one is focusing at the low-end of the original mainstream value network, on the customers whose expectations regarding the product are lower than what is actually proposed on the market.It is quite critical to define what kind of innovation is the fortu Powercell because the elan heap should manage sustaining and disruptive innovations are totally different. A sustaining technology strategy is not a viable way to build new-growth businesses for instance and usually once they have developed and established the viability o f their superior product, entrepreneurs who have entered on a sustaining trajectory should turn around and sell out to one of the industry leaders behind them.Also, an idea that is disruptive to one business way be sustaining to another. If this is the case, it is better to redefine the product or the service in a way that it would be an opportunity which is disruptive relative to all the established players in the targeted market space or another solution is to not invest at all. Otherwise, it could be extremely difficult to beat the established companies which would defend their positions. Burgerlman and Siegel would in like manner contribute to our analysis with their work on the minimum winning game.This is the first ajor market opportunity that is limited enough to provide a clear target for technology and product development efforts in the short-to-medium term, and sufficiently large that successfully act it provides a foundation for long-term corporate development. When the MWG has been defined, the top management can set relevant milestones against which meaningful progress can be measured. The bump of an undefined MWG is a focus on a set of feasible but fairly limited and unconnected milestones along a road that leads nowhere or the elaboration of a serie of vague visions.The first MWG is influenced by 3 drivers, the technology development, the product development and the business strategy. The management team should put a lot of efforts to balance their influence in order to prevent one of them to dominate the interplay, because of the potential negative effects related to each one of these driver. Nevertheless, one of them should be the main driver but not all the while the company is trying to achieve its MWG. Shifting the balance of drivers in due time is necessary to achieve this goal.We mention this work because we would like to determine if one of the options considered by the fortu Powercell management team is a correct MWG, if they have d eveloped a correct viewing about the options they defined. Considering the nature of the product fortu Powercell wish to sell, we must consider the work of Henderson and Clark on architectural innovation or the technology S-curve for components of Christensen. just about the first named, it raises a distinction amongst several innovations as they could be incremental, modular, architectural or free radical.Incremental innovation basically refines and extends an established design whereas radical innovation establish a new dominant design. A modular innovation is an innovation that changes a core design concept without changing the products architecture and finally a architectural innovation change a products architecture but leaves the components and the core design concepts that they confirm unchanged. Qualify the fortu Powercell innovation would give us some clues about how established firms would react if the product is commercialized.The input of the S-curve theory in our t hinking is that it forces us to not forget that the other technologies are maybe not mature and still have some potential that could lead to a fierce competition between them and the fortu Powercell technology. Finally, we would like to mention the work of Christensen, Musso and Anthony about capturing the returns from research, which talk about when, where and why integration is needed and introduce the notion of decoupling point.Basically, it illustrates the fact that a product with proprietary, dependent architecture is subject to an interdependence of its components. The way one component is designed and made depends on the way the other components are being designed and made. In this case, the control of the design and manufacturing of every critical component of the system by a process of integration allows companies to develop a competitive advantage. A product with a modular architectures means that individual sub-systems can be upgraded without redesign everything.In this case, being specialized, not-integrated, is the best solution. We think it is important to keep in mind these notions as fortu Powercell is looking to enter the market of batteries for defined products. If the product has an interdependent architecture or a modular architecture, that makes a difference on how fortu Power should define its strategy. As a conclusion for this part, we want to remind that these theories and works presented are what we mainly used to mold our thinking about this case, to evaluate the line of fortu PowerCell and its possibilities. III. SuggestionsIn this part, we are going to present a few suggestions for the fortu Powercell executive team regarding what we presented before. They should give them enough indications to help them find satisfying answers to their questions. If we look at the theories we mentioned, it seems that we can just start by defining a set of questions related to them and to other constraints and see if the first option, the plant in Lepzig, is such a good solution. We could also try to see if there is another solution, another market fraction which appears to be better to the point it overcomes the loss of a potential market segment.First option The plant in Lepzig (Market segment Power Tools) -How well the fortu battery respond to the four set of questions of the management criteria theory, in the case of the actor tools market ? Quite well actually. It appears at first sight that the fortu battery technology would be a profitable technology for the power tools market as it lift a fundamental prior constraint, provide enhanced effectiveness -Is the fortu battery a disruptive innovation or a sustaining innovation for the power tools battery market ?This question is subject to debate but as we see it, the fortu battery system is in part a disruptive innovation for the power tools battery market. Indeed, it would allow the creation of more powerful cordless tools which lead us to think that this is a new-marke t kind of disruptive innovation. On the other hand, if we only consider only the less powerful tools such as the screwdrivers, we can see the fortu battery technology as only a sustainable technology.It represents a battery with better characteristics compared to nickel based batteries and that is all. -Is the conquest of the power tools battery market a suitable MWG ? What are their following milestones ? We do not think that the power tools battery market is a suitable MWG because this is only a sustaining innovation for the single largest product category, which means than established players in the market would try to defend their market shares and, in a long-term perspective, we can imagine they would have to sell the business.Second option fortu Powercell gives up the power tools battery market and license its technology Another way to formulate the relevance of this option is to ask the question is there a better MWG that fortu Powercell could take ? A MWG that will compensa te the loss of the power tools battery market segment ? After what we said in the previous argument, that the power tools battery market segment was not a very good MWG, and considering all the other opportunities offered by this technology, it would be surprising not to find a better one.The advantage with this option is that the first entrant with this technology in the global market wont be fortu Powercell. They would have the chance to have a cover feedback about what their technology is really capable of when it comes to mass production, what would be the reactions of major players in the business. Quick reminder the first entrant is rarely the one that would develop the value of the technology.Also, it would give them some funds to be relatively independent from external capital, to keep doing some research or for a potential new venture. They will not have to use such a complicated financial operation to gather the funds and maybe they would not have to reckon with conditi ons defined by their partners or at least it would be less constraining. Finally, they will have some time to think about everything we mentioned and there will maximize their chances to define what could be the perfect MWG for them and what milestones it could imply.But they have to keep in mind that is possible that this technology is not a disruptive technology for any market and consequently that long-term development would be difficult. So we think that there must be a better MWG for fortu Powercell and its technology but what would that be Final suggestions In this final part, now that we have defined that the second option is the best, as we see it, we are going to present what we think is a proposition of better MWG for fortu Powercell and we will conclude with a few barrackations.It is important to precise that this is only a proposition, we are not going to develop this thought too further as we think that the question of the fortu Powercell management team is answered an d that they consequently have time to evaluate their different options. We think that the pedelecs (bicycle with electrical assistance) would be a good MWG for fortu Powercell as it is limited enough to provide a clear target for technology and product development efforts in the short-to-medium term, and sufficiently large that successfully pursuing it provides a foundation for long-term corporate development.Indeed, the prices and margins are high in this market segment and most of the price depends of the battery. The segment size is important, around 100 million, which is big but not too much. It would be a low-end disruptive innovation compared to the NiCD and Li-on cells in the sense where the bicycles would be simpler, with a smaller battery that wont need to be recharged too often, which is much more convenient. Indeed, we think that the technological advantage of the fortu Powercell would lead to these improvements, these enhancements for the product.The bicycles could also be cheaper as the price per Wh would be lower which could drive new customers, previously repelled by the high price. The important market of Netherlands will not be far from Karlsruhe, so a plant could be build over there. If this MWG would be a success, it would be possible to move to a sequence of MWG electrical scooters (Italy is also not that far from Karlsruhe) electrical cars (which can be considered as the ultimate target, the maximum winning game).Beyond the choice of the MWG, and as a conclusion, we would like to recommend fortu Powercell to pay attention to develop its absorptive capacity, in order to remain to the peak of the battery technology and then be able to respond with naught to the responses and attacks of other players, and in a long-term perspective, in the case they would be successful, to put a lot of efforts to define clearly its strategic intent.